Green Roofs in Malaysia

reverse lightning Roofs in MalaysiaIn Malaysia, chiliad jacket crowns argon considered as a f institutionalizely spic-and-span concept although the concept offers m all benefits. special K detonating devices promotes amenity and aesthetic benefits, environmental benefits, and economic benefits. The principal aim of this investigate is to improve the tonus of thousand ceiling ashess in Malaysia by break out institution guidelines for verdure chapiter organizations. This seek go out identify the doing benefits of kelvin pileus, the veritable phenomenon of yard crown sketch as well as their obstacles to keep abreast commonalty jacket systems. Mixed method of qualitative and quantitative approach exit be applied in this investigate. The polish of the writings allow be conducted to gather information astir(predicate) common land detonator in determine to identify the benefits of blue jet crownwork systems. tidy sum will be conducted among three targe t populations, namely developers, architects and adorn architects who drop dead in the Malaysian construction industry. Individuals for the sample group will be selected beca procedure as postrs of unfledged ceilings, their views and actions claim a direct influence on discolor cover development. The categorization of the edifice professionals will encapable belatedly realisation of any disparity in views in the midst of them. Besides that, the case studies besides unity of the vital steps to strive the verifiable of this inquiry. The subject area Studies will join different methods to compile an disposition of objective guidelines for jet plane chapiter systems. Case study methods involve an in-depth, longitudinal examination of a ace slip or unconstipatedt. They interpret a systematic mien of feel at events, collecting data, analyzing information, and reporting the upshots. This query is attempted to develop use guidelines for super C roof systems in Malaysia. The findings from this research will open new avenues and fields for future investigators and academicians to carry out enormous researches on the topics concerned. entranceThe commons roof is a system that utilise growing strong suit and vegetation on the top of the mental synthesis roof (Cresswell, 2007). The vegetation is set in a form of soil or growing mass medium as the top layer of the roof. The pissing membrane system is positioned amidst growing medium and roof deck to carry away get to water and as well as give up a filter system to achieve sure that the instals have a sufficient water supply during dryer day (Long et al., 2006, Piper, 2003). Green roofs have been change magnitudely popular in Germany, get together Stated of America and Europe (Koonce, 2010) not just because of the aesthetic measure, further in any case for improving environment (Li et al., 2010). As discussed by (Castleton et al., 2010) the roof of a building commode be partially or completely c everywhere with a layer of vegetation. Many expert confirm that yard roof can be classified into two types of systems which atomic number 18 intensive and great (Long et al., 2006, Molineux et al., 2009, Cresswell, 2007, Castleton et al., 2010). Intensive systems is more than like a roof garden financial backing large tree and shrubs, but require deep subst esteems and regular maintenance. Therefore, it is slackly heavy and requires a specific support from the building (Molineux et al., 2009, Cresswell, 2007). The extensive system is opposite of intensive systems which have a thin substrate layer with low level planting, typicly sedum or lawn, and can be really light pack in structure (Castleton et al., 2010). Instead of lightweight, these roofs require little or no additional structural support from the building, less expensive, low maintenance, and knowing for limited human access. Plants selected for extensive system atomic number 18 usually h ave a shallow root system, good regenerative abilities, resistance to direct solar radiation, harsh winds or heavy rainfall, and ground coer species on slopes up to 30% (Long et al., 2006, Cresswell, 2007).There are many potence benefits of discolor roofs. These may be considered to fall into three main categories, Amenity and Aesthetic Benefits, environmental Benefits, and Economic Benefits, although thither is a great deal of cross all over between categories. Amenity Aesthetic Benefits take on vacant and open space, visual aesthetic value, health and therapeutic value, and food production. Environmental Benefits include ecological and wildlife value, water management, variant quality, sound absorption, and reducing the urban heat island fix. Economic Benefitsinclude app conclusiond roof life, building insulant and aught efficiency, and kelvin building assessment and state-supported relations. These benefits operate at a reaching of scales. Some will barely operate if relatively large numbers of color roofs are utilize in any particular domain and their benefits will all be apparent at the larger neighborhood or city scale. Others will operate promptly on an individual building (Michael and Thomas, 2003, Vancouver, 2009). Therefore, it is important to hook up with green roof as it gives many benefits to cast down the environmental strike. The subroutine of this research is to develop design guidelines for green roof system in Malaysia.enquiry STATEMENTThe phenomenon of planetary warming or climate dislodge has led to many environmental issues including higher(prenominal) atmospheric temperatures, intensive precipitation, amplify greenhouse gaseous emission and of course increase indoor botheration condition (Asmat Ismail et al., 2010). Some scientists believe that changes are part of natural variation (Radhi, 2009) while others point to human activity (Oh and Chua, 2010, Nordell, 2003) as the cause of increasing atmospheric conc entrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and the key driver of climate change. As the carbon dioxide ( carbon dioxide) in melody increases, the ability of creation arise to reradiate heat to the atmosphere is lessen. Carbon dioxide acts as a blanket over the surface and keeps the earth warmer than it would otherwise be. The warmer climate outside will also affect the indoor temperature of building. When the outdoor nervous strain temperature increases, building will fix indoor disconsolation. The demand for mechanical ventilation will be full of life and eventually lead to higher faculty consumption in building (Asmat Ismail et al., 2010). The heavy reliance on air conditioning typically increases get-up-and-go use, increased emission of CO2, increase other GHGs to power the system (Calm, 2002) and also adding to negative impacts of global warming (Wilkinson et al., 2007). Therefore, it is vital important to reduce the life force consumption in building by reducing the usage of air conditioning system where the air conditioning systems release the carbon into the air which has been identified as the element that insulates pla authorize and one of the major contributor in global warming.Buildings are important contributors to the ever-increasing carbon emission and its impact on global warming (Kui, 4 october 2010 The Star, May 2009). Buildings last longer, and over that lifetime they play a part in contributing to the oddment of the environment. Over its life cycle, a building uses many resources and is the source of practically pollution emissions (Yoon, 2009). In Malaysia, commercial and residential building use up 48% of the electricity generated (Li, 2009). During the UN Climate Change Conference in declination 2009, Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Razak make very clear Malaysias commitment to the green cause, pledging to cut up to 40 per cent of Malaysias carbon emission ardor in terms of GDP by the year 2020 from year 2005 levels (Singh and Ping, 2010, Fernandez, 2010). Therefore, one way to reduce the impact of global warming and improve urban environmental quality is by adopting the green roof technologies (Williams et al., 2010). However, the unbelief arises, wherefore Malaysian construction industry must adopt the green roof engineering science? It is because almost of the heat 75% enters from roof compare to 25% from wall. Besides that, the roof is exposed most for the longest period to solar radiation where heat radiated from the sun is absorbed by the roof surface and the ceiling absorbs the radiated heat (Lu, 2009). Apart from that, the green roof applied science is able to reduce the energy consumption and can improve the internal comfort during the spring and summer seasons (Fioretti et al., 2010, Michael and Thomas, 2003, Lawlor et al., 2006). Furthermore, green roof lead to let down energy bills, and provide a carbon sink in urban areas, on with many other various ecological advantages (Sihau, 2009) . Thus, in order to reduce the amount of heat entering through with(predicate) and through the roofs, such buildings must be adopted with green roof technology.In Asia, the use of green roofs has arisen in japan, capital of Singapore, Hong Kong and China. Although the idea of green roofs in Asia is new, these countries are active in developing, practicing and conducting research on green roofs, particularly in Singapore (Wan et al, 2010). According to Wong (2005) roofs inject 21%-26% of urban areas and this can provide a unique fortune to improve the environment if green roofs are used. In urban areas such as Kuala Lumpur, there are a lot of opportunities to implement green roofs in the development because of rapid expansion in these areas. By having a green roof, the areas taken from nature to be developed are made to come alive again. Green roofs in Malaysia are considered as a fairly new though lots of benefits are offered. However, in plain that has similar climate with Ma laysia such as Singapore have heavy(a) remarkable on green roof. Compare to Singapore, Malaysia are far butt end in terms of research do, policies, technology and practice in this area (Govindaraju et al., 2005, Chandran et al., 2009). Malaysia still remains many nitty-grittyiveness obstacles to their more widespread adoption. This obstacles include a lack of standards, high damages when green roof installers are inexperienced, few demonstration examples to inspire and give confidence to developers considering a green roof and a lack of relevant and reliable research to provide confidence in the economic and environmental benefits of green roofs (Williams et al., 2010) (Williams et al, 2010 Sihau 2009 Michael Thomas, 2003). Besides that, Malaysia has a very different climate to the temperature regions of the northern hemisphere where green roofs are more common. Relying on northern hemisphere research, experience and technology is problematic, delinquent to significant diffe rences in rainfall, temperature, available substrates and suitable vegetation (Wilkinson, 2009). This may introduce unacceptable levels of risk and unnecessary expense to development projects considering green roofs. Since Singapore is advance in developing green roof system, consequently Malaysia should wander Singapore as an example to move towards green roof system. This research examines green roofs in Malaysia, the status of the industry and discusses information gaps requiring research. Therefore, it is important to exceed the obstacles by adopting green roof technology in Malaysia in order to get the benefits offers from the technology.In recent years, green roofs are becoming more and more popular in the world and have also attracted very oft attention in Malaysia. However, when people consider applying green roof systems, they often find it difficult to understand the technical requirements, design an effective system and evaluate their execution of instrument. Unlike other countries that are very advance in green roof technologies such as Germany and Japan, they have their own guidelines for green roof system (Hui, 2010). A brief discussion with Ishamuddin Mazlan from Ministry of Energy, Green engineering and Water (KeTTHA) hints that there are no design guidelines for green roof systems in Malaysia. In German, the German Landscape look for, Development and Construction confederacy (FLL) has been working on standards for green roof technology for 25 years. Their guidepost for the Planning, Execution and Upkeep of Green-Roof Sites (FLL-guidelines) reflects the latest developments in German acknowledged progressive technology (Philippi, 2005). Over 800 green roofs can be found in Germany alone, a leader in building codes and incentives for green roof installation. In Asia, Japan has become a center for green roof technology. Its capital, Tokyo, is the outset city to mandate building vegetation must constitute 20 percent of all new construct ion (Wark, 2003). Their guidelines are very effective to implement green roof but they should not be copied directly without adapting and considering the topical anaesthetic conditions of Malaysia. Therefore, there is an urgent convey to develop local anaesthetic design guidelines for green roof systems in Malaysia.THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKThere were diverse research has been conducted in the field of green roof systems and the quantity seems to increase over the years since environmental issues become more concerning worldwide. The research that has been do in the field of green roof can be sorted into seven which are research on storm water management, research on materials, research on opportunities and barrier, research on environment, research on energy and building, research on cognitions, and research on guidelines. The research that has been do in storm water management for character by Berghage et al (2009) conducted a research on Green Roofs for Stormwater Runoff Cont rol. The findings of the radical imply that the green roofs are capable of removing 50% of the annual rainfall muckle from a roof through retention and evapotranspiration. Rainfall not kept up(p) by green roofs is detained, effectively increasing the time to upper side, and slowing peak flows for a watershed. Whereas Berndtsson et al (2009) conducted a research on Runoff water quality from intensive and extensive vegetated roofs. This study investigated influence on overflow water quality from two full scale vegetated roofs (an intensive from Japan and an extensive from Sweden). Results show that both extensive and intensive vegetated roofs are a sink of nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen with similar process. The intensive vegetated roof is also a sink of total nitrogen in contrast to the extensive roof. dapple Hardin and Wanielista (2007) has do research on a water quality assesment of a green roof stormwater treatment systems. The results of this work show that the u se of green roof stormwater treatment systems for the improvement of stormwater quality is a promising treatment option. The total suspended solids results show that green roofs had a lower concentration and smaller standard deviation than the command chambers. Besides, Emilsson et al (2007) has done a research on Effect of using constituted and controlled release fertilizer on nutrient outpouring from variant vegetated roof systems. The findings of the reputation indicate that Conventional fertilisers caused high nutrient concentrations in the runoff water. Concentrations decreased during the duration of the experiment but at the end of the experiment they were still higher than after fertilisation with CRF. Conventional fertiliser also increased the total nutrient runoff.Research on materials for instance has been done by Molineux et al (2009) on Characterising alternative recycled waste materials for use as green roof growing media in the U.K. This study have shown that th e alternative substrates perform as well if not better, than the widely used crushed red brick as growing media, in terms of plant growth and material characterisations.. They are also similar in cost to the red brick substrate (Shireminerals, pers. comm.) and are already commercially available. While Cresswell (2007) has done a research on Characterisation of Mineral Wastes, Resources and Processing technologies. The findings indicate that Aerated concrete is a material that is suitable for use as a light weight green roof substrate. It has the appropriate absorption and water absorption.Research that has been conducted on opportunities and barrier for instance by Williams et al (2010) on Green roofs for a wide brown land Opportunities and barriers for rooftop colour in Australia. This paper examines green roofs in Australia, discusses the challenges to increasing their use and the major information gaps that need to be researched to progress the industry in Australia. While Wil kinson and Reed (2010) compile a unique building database incorporating information around 536 commercial buildings and evaluate the potential suitability of each building to suffer a green roof retrofit. A relatively small counterweight of roofs are found to be suitable, partly a result of local climate conditions and rainfall patterns, and the physical property clove pink. On a purely physical assessment, only a very small parity of primordial business district (CBD) stock is found to be suited. These buildings are most likely to be in low secondary locations, ungraded or B grade buildings, privately owned, concrete framed and not overshadowed by adjoining properties. Besides, compile a unique building database incorporating information or so 536 commercial buildings and evaluate the potential suitability of each building to brook a green roof retrofit. A relatively small proportion of roofs are found to be suitable, partly a result of local climate conditions and rainf all patterns, and the physical property stock. On a purely physical assessment, only a very small proportion of CBD stock is found to be suited. These buildings are most likely to be in low secondary locations, ungraded or B grade buildings, privately owned, concrete framed and not overshadowed by adjoining properties. Besides, Rowe and Getter (2006) conducted research on The Role of Extensive Green Roofs in Sustainable Development. This paper is a review of current knowledge regarding the benefits of green roofs, plant selection and culture, and barriers to their credence in the United States. Because of building weight restrictions and costs, shallow-substrate extensive roofs are much more common than deeper intensive roofs. Therefore, the focus of this review is primarily on extensive green roofs.Research on environment for instance has been done by Renterghemand Botteldooren (2011) on In-situ measurements of sound propagating over extensive green roofs. In this study, in-situ m easurements of sound propagation over flat, extensive green roofs were presented in 5 case studies. These involved situations with either a wholeness diffraction or double diffraction over green roofs. Measurements show that green roofs may lead to consistent and significant sound reduction at locations where only diffracted sound waves arrive. Among the single diffraction cases, acoustic green roof improvements exceeding 10 dB were found, over a wide frequency range. While Li et al (2010) study on Effect of green roof on ambient CO2 concentration. The study systematically investigates the effect of green roofs on the ambient CO2 concentration using field measurements, chamber experiments and quantitative simulations. Plants can reduce the CO2 concentration in the environment by absorbing CO2 in the daytime. In a typical rapturous day in summer in Hong Kong, the CO2 absorption rate of a plant in the daytime is much greater than the CO2 emission rate at night. The extent of the gr een roof effect is related to the condition of the plants, the position of the green roof and the ambient air flow condition. In a sunny day, a green roof may lower the CO2 concentration in the nearby region as much as 2%. On the other hand, Carter and Keeler (2008) conducted research on Life-cycle cost-benefit analysis of extensive vegetated roof systems. This study uses data collected from an data-establish green roof plot to develop a benefit cost analysis (BCA) for the life cycle of extensive (thin layer) green roof systems in an urban watershed. The results from this analysis are compared with a traditional roofing scenario. The net present value (NPV) of this type of green roof currently ranges from 10% to 14% more expensive than its conventional counterpart. A reduction of 20% in green roof construction cost would make the affable NPV of the practice less than traditional roof NPV. Besides, Jones and Alexandri (2008) canvas on Temperature decreases in an urban canyon due t o green walls and green roofs in diverse climates. From this quantitative research, it has been shown that there is an important potential of lowering urban temperatures when the building envelope is covered with vegetation. Air temperature decreases at roof level can reach up to 26.0 1C maximum and 12.8 1C day-time average (Riyadh), while inside the canyon decreases reach up to 11.3 1C maximum and 9.1 1C daytime average, again for hot and desiccated Riyadh. It can be concluded that the hotter and drier a climate is, the greater the effect of vegetation on urban temperatures.Research on energy and building that has been done by Chang et al (2011) on Optimal name for Water Conservation and Energy Savings Using Green Roofs in a Green Building under Mixed Uncertainties. The study identifies the optimal green roof area that keeps within the cost of a conventional home over a specific life time, such as 50 years. Research findings show that as the reliability level associated with the chance constraint was decreased, the upper bound of the green roof area did not vary much for either shingle or metal roofs. The lower bound was found to decrease in the same situation, however, due to the higher minimum cost of the cistern in relation to the greater volume of expected rainfall, forcing the required green roof area to decrease. While Fioretti et al (2010) investigate Green roof energy and water related performance in the Mediterranean climate. The investigation performed within the specific climatic context of the Mediterranean region. Full-scale experimental results are provided from two case studies, determined in north-west and central Italy, consisting in two fully monitored green roofs on top of public buildings. The attenuation of solar radiation through the vegetation layer is evaluated as well as the thermal insulation performance of the green roof structure. The daily heat flow through the roof surface is quantified showing that the green roof outperfor ms the reference roof, therefore reducing the daily energy demand. As for water management, it is confirmed that green roofs significantly mitigate storm water runoff generation even in a Mediterranean climate in terms of runoff volume reduction, peak attenuation and increase of concentration time, although reduced performance could be observed during high precipitation periods. Besides, Castleton et al (2010) conducted a research on Green roofs building energy savings and the potential for retrofit. This paper reviews the current literature and highlights the situations in which the greatest building energy savings can be made. Older buildings with poor existing insulation are deemed to benefit most from a green roof as current building regulations require such high levels of insulation that green roofs are seen to hardly affect annual building energy consumption. As over half of the existing UK building stock was built before any roof insulation was required, it is older buildings that will benefit most from green roofs. The case for retrofitting existing buildings is therefore reviewed and it is found there is strong potential for green roof retrofit in the UK.Research on perception has been done by Wan Zuriea et al (2010) on Perception towards green roof in Malaysia. Results from interviews showed that the respondents perceived green roofs benefits are that they provide leisure and operable space, visual amenities value and health and therapeutic value and environment and economic advantages. From the field observation study, it was found that there is a good potential for green roof as it promotes a range of benefits that can solve the problem of ecological steps, limitation of space, greenery balance, global warming, aesthetics and lost of wildlife habitat that occur in many urban areas. While House (2009) conducted research on North Texas Stakeholders Perceptions of Extensive Green Roofs. The findings of the paper indicate thatstakeholders perceived ex tensive green roofs as existence appropriate for use in North Texas. Concerns were raised regarding plant selection, weight requirements, initial cost, city codes, and aesthetics. Developers and city officials indicated their concern for the performance of green roofs in the extremes of the North Texas climate, while architects and landscape architects spoke of the multitude of benefits and appropriateness for this region. Overall, perceptions of extensive green roofs were favorable, but a lack of adequate research and concerns over cost issues were frequently cited as barriers to implementation.However, in this paper, research worker tends to focus on design guidelines of green roof system. There is no similar complete(a) research which has been done by any other researcher in Malaysia regarding on design guideline of green roof systems. Malaysia still do not have the design guidelines for green roof system based on the preliminary interview that has been done with Encik Ishamud din bin Mazlan from the Ministry of Energy, Green engineering science and Water (KeTTHA). For instance, Hui (2010) has develop technical guidelines for green roof systems in Hong Kong. This paper describes the major findings of a research to develop technical guidelines for green roof systems in Hong Kong. The current knowledge and latest trends of green roof technology in the world have been studied. Useful information and experience were examined for assessing the potential benefits and key design factors. By investigating the system components and practical considerations of typical green roof projects in Hong Kong and other countries, key information is realised for preparing the technical guidelines. Based on the review of the previous related to the research, there seems no study that has been done on design guideline for green roof systems in Malaysia and this will be an interesting topic for researcher in this Master research. Therefore, there is a gap that has been left f or researcher to fill in and to contribute to the existing body of knowledge.AIM AND object lensGenerally, this research seeks to have an understanding and knowledge on green roof systems. This study aims to improve the quality of green roof systems in Malaysia by develop design guidelines for green roof systems. In order to achieve the aims above, three (3) correlative objectives are outlined as followsTo identify the operational performance benefits of green roof technologyTo explore the obstacle to adopt green roof technologyTo develop design guidelines for green roof systems in MalaysiaRESEARCH QUESTIONSResearch questions are framed as a guide to fulfil the research objectives. This research is expected to produce design guidelines that make best use of the potential of green roof. Having decided that, the future(a) research questions are addressed and framedResearch question for objective 1What are the effect of the green roof to the environmentHow green roof can reduce ener gy consumption in buildingsHow immenseness of using green roof technology in buildingsResearch question for objective 2What are the barriers in adopting green roof systems in MalaysiaHow do this barrier effect the adoption of green roof in MalaysiaResearch question for objective 3What are the factor need to be considered in excogitation the green roof systemsRESEARCH mannerThe methodology in conducting is three different stages as followsa) Literature attempt ReviewLiterature search will conducted to gather information about green roof in order to identify the benefits of green roof systems. The sources and information from journals, articles, books and internet are then fully analyzed and studied to gain better understanding on green roof technology.b) SurveySurvey will be conducted among three target populations, namely developers, architects and landscape architects who work in the Malaysian construction industry. Set of questionnaires will be distributed to explore the obst acles to adopt green roof technology in Malaysia by comparison of answers to the same set of questions. The analysis of data from the questionnaires responses may provide data from which tables of obstacles can be produced.c) Case StudyThe Case Studies combine different methods to compile an understanding of modular green roof systems. Case study methods involve an in-depth, longitudinal examination of a single instance or event a case. They provide a systematic way of looking at events, collecting data, analyzing information, and reporting the results. As a result the researcher may gain a sharpened understanding of why the instance happened as it did, and what might become important to look at more extensively in future research.RESEARCH SCOPE AND demarcationThe target group of this research consisting of developers, architects, and landscape architects in the peninsular of Malaysia excluding Sabah and Sarawak who work in the Malaysian construction industry. Individuals for the s ample group will be selected because as providers of green roofs, their views and actions have a direct influence on green roof development. The categorization of the building professionals will enable easy identification of any disparity in views between them.SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RESEARCHThis research is expected to identify the performance benefits of green roof systems in order for green roof to be utilized in Malaysian buildings. Besides that, this research will identify the obstacles to adopt green roof and develop recommendation to overcome this obstacles. Furthermore, this study will add to the body of knowledge that green roof systems can enhance the environment of the urban area, reduce energy use in buildings, and help to reduce effect of global warming especially in urban area in Malaysia. On top of that, this research hopes to give a better understanding and way to adopt green roof systems in Malaysian buildings. At the end of this research, it will develop new design gui delines for sustainable green roof systems in Malaysia.AimResearch StatementObjectivesResearch QuestionsResearch MethodTo improve the quality of green roof systems in Malaysia by develop design guidelines for green roof systems.Global warming or climate changeOB1 To identify operational performance benefits of green roof technologyRQ1.1 What are the effects of the green roof to the environmentRQ1.2 How green roof can reduce energy consumption in buildingsRQ1.3 How grandness of using green roof technology in buildingsLiterature reviewObstacles in adoption green roof systemsOB2 To explore the obstacles to adopt green roof technologyRQ2.1 What are the barriers in adopting green roof systems in MalaysiaRQ2.2 How do this barrier effect the adoption of green roof technology in MalaysiaQuestionnaire SurveyDesign GuidelinesOB3 To develop design guidelines for green roof systems in MalaysiaRQ3.1 What are the factor need to be considered in designing the green roof systemsCase Study