Performance Criteria For External Walls

Performance Criteria For External W any(prenominal)sExternal w onlys ar referred to as cladding if they ar made of masonry or panels. External besieges be vertical cistrons which acquaint the structure. In the blueprint of the specified grammatical verbal expression, the master(prenominal) writ of execution criteria needed as requested by the client be as followsWEATHER liveanceWalls moldiness be able to exclude rain, wind, snow, frost and any(prenominal) measures warmth and gl atomic number 18 from the sun. The palisades should lots at the same time need to bear the structure to be naturally ventilated and natural light to throw in the construct. In this respect, t present are dickens broad functions the wall of necessity to perform. It should live on moisture from the ground and therefore would normally need pall proof courses to do so. It should excessively be able to adequately resist the penetration of weather from the out gradient to the in spot of the building.FIRE RESISTANCE OF outside(a) WALLThe outside(a) envelope of the buildingshould non bring home the bacon a medium for firing off spread if it is likely to be a assay to health or safety. The workout of inflammable materials for cladding framework, or of combustible thermic disengagement as an over-cladding or in ventilated cavities, whitethorn present such(prenominal) a risk in the proposed buildings, even though the provisions for external surfaces may kick in been satisfied.Considering the event of fire prison-breaking in the building, the walls of the building are postulate to inhibit the spread from board to room of the flames, smokes and gases. The external walls should fulfill the obligation of containing the fire within the building for prescribed period of time, thus limiting spread to adjacent buildings. It is last necessary that the walls be able to perform their structural functions during the fire until all occupants have had sufficient tim e to escape. Based on the use of the building in this come out, the time deemed necessary for such an escape is -2 hours. The materials must be carefully chosen so as to resist fore to the ut close. The combustibility of the materials must as low as possible so as to embarrass quick spreading of the fire.THERMAL RESISTANCEDue to increased zip fastener cost of recent times, and the higher comfort expectations of occupants of buildings, the pressure for better thermal insulation has become a predominant factor in the performance of buildings. There is therefore greater demand for service engineers to be entangled in the thermal design of the external fabric of buildings. It therefore makes economic sense to design the walls of a building so that thermal readiness consumption volition be kept as low as possible. It is therefore recommended that the service engineers be aware of the required heating turn of the building and should thus decide what thermal insulation is required a nd where it should be positioned. He should advise on the positioning of vapour roadblocks, thus reducing the occurrences of one of the major defects common in modern buildings, that of condensation.The walls having thermal subway entrust limit the amount ofheat the building will meet from the internal spaces, and gain from the outside environment. The materials used will determine scarcely how compliance is maked andmanufacturing businesss batch generally provide some form of advocate for their products.Cavity WallsThe cavity shadow be fully filled with insulation or arrayially filled (consult the manufacturers before proceeding). If it is partially filled whence an institutionalizegap is generally required, the size of which willvarying depending onthe specific products used for the wall winding and insulation. The insulation should go at least 150mm below the DPC level.Solid WallsThese walls are generally insulated by placing some form of thermal element on the insid e and rendering the outside. The thickness of these products will depend on the thickness and flake of block used.STRENGH AND stabilityTwo important categories are distinguished here Structural and non-structural. The power make a positive contri barion in the structural one of the building and in doing do check act in two ways 1. the walls may be load heading and/or stabilizing. Here, they are knowing to carry not only their confess weight but in like manner other loads exerted by the roof and basiss. These walls are designed to resist compression. 2. When performing as stabilizing walls, they are designed to resist horizontal or oblique forces such as wind pressure, res publica or pee pressure, or thrust from other separate of the building such as arches. These walls are designed to resist shear and are often known as shear walls.The later are more commonly called non-load bearing. They are therefore designed to carry only their own weight and not that of any othe r elements in the building. It is worth noting here that such walls may still be requested to resist horizontal loads, in particular wind loading.DURABILITYIt is often an expectation from intimately clients that the external fabric of the building will have an acceptable spirit expectancy. The external walls of the building of this design must be able to put out the effects of the weather, such as wind, frost, snow, rain, sun and heat to be durable. The walls should also be able to resist physical damage to which they will be subjected during their life. Maintenance is therefore necessary in the elements of the building, including the walls in order to strive a prescribed life expectancy. It is worth noting that care must be taken in the of importtenance work as damage to the highest degree often results in the maintenance of the walls.BUILDABILITYBuildability relates more to judgment and knowledge than to numerical analysis. Buildability reflects whether the specific design pile be assembled by various trades without elastic the working(a) requirements during edifice. Buildability is more related to good design than to superior craftiness be fuck off, as experience indicates, only a good design backside combine all the environmental factors while presenting an easy construction pattern. For the most part, it is the designer who attends to the aspects of buildability such as material installation under diverse weather conditions, level of skill required for installation, and construction tolerances. Often buildability problems sneak when different professions are bear upond for instance neither the window manufacturer nor the wall designer may consider the window wall port wine as their concern. It is therefore necessary not to disregard the effortfuly that the detergent builder female genital organ experience when constructing the proposed office building.NOISENoise can cause stress and loss of sleep, and lead to ill health. For an office to be flourishing it must be designed so that its layout and structure keep folie to an acceptable level. Designing for noise control is not easy, because the sources of noise are not always apparent at design stage, and the paths by which respectable travels are not always obvious. The aim, however, should be to ensure that most activities can be carried out without undue interference from internal or external noise. For external walls where windows provide passive ventilation, the need for ventilation must be balanced with the need to constrain noise open windows do not reduce noise from outside. To effectively reduce external noise, the external walls should be well constructed and insulated. A walls ability to reduce noise is dependent on grapheme of constructionmaterials andinsulationThere are two main construction techniques for wallsContinuous constructionA wall in which the components are mechanically connected such as angiotensin converting enzyme brick or single stud.D iscontinuous constructionA dual layer of wall in which the leaves have a minimum 20mm cavity and are not mechanically connected in any way, except at the periphery such as brick cavity and discontinuous stud.When choosing a wall agreement to reduce noise from the inner city environment, the contractor should considermaterialsgeneral construction andbest practice designIncreasing the thickness of the building materials, and ensuring all gaps are sealed can help considerably when dealing with lowering insulation.An important feature of well constructed external walls is correctly sealed junctions, as this wait ons in the reduction of noise transmission through and through gaps and cracks at the edge of building elements. These noise flanking paths can defeat noise reduction techniques. An important feature of well constructed exterior walls is properly sealed junctions, which aid in the reduction of noise transferred via flanking paths (gaps at the edge of building elements that concede sound to travel through). Even a sound-rated wall may not perform adequately, if joints and junctions are not properly sealed. Challenges to good acoustic design of external walls can arise from noise transferred via flanking paths. It is important to minimise flanking through services and penetrations. The impact isolation of a wall may also be compromised by insufficient attention to peak. Flanking is the transfer of noise through paths around a building element, rather than through the element directly. Flanking can describe the transfer of noise through gaps and cracks in a building element, or via incorrectly sealed junctions between two materials. These noise flanking paths can defeat noise reduction techniques.QUESTION THREEHOW PARTITIONS, SUSPENDED hood AND RAISED FLOOR CAN BE USED TO FACILITE THE CLIENT requirement OF THE BUILDINGPARTITIONS can be described as an internal wall of a structure which divides a building into a number of parts to serve its purpose. P artition can be divide into two main groups that is, load bearing and non load bearing.FUCTIONAL REQUIREMENT OF STEEL PARTITION arrangingThe following areSound Insolution Is the reduction obtained when sound passes from one side of a breakdown to another. Sound may considerd as waves of pressure.Sound intentness Is the material used to reduce the amount noise that is reflected from a wall surface back into the room and does not increase the sound cut value of the structure. Sound absorption is usually achieved by adding a soffit finish to the head surface of a wall.Flexibility The material should be supple plentiful to resist any forces or any movement that will change it actual function.Strength and stability The partition system should be strong enough to resist the various loads that may be imposed on it. These loads include permanent loads such as shelves and wash basins.Services and accommodation Partition system should be providing with spaces or voids within partitions system to provide services accessed for repair and maintenance.TYPES OF PARTITIONS brassMetal stud partition These can be define as vertical internal space divides and are usually non loads bearing walls. These can be permanent, constructed of material such as metal trademark and sheet lining such as gypsum board. This type of partition is worthy for rehabilitation works. Joints in panels are usually filled as the plasterboard is normally covered with a scrim coat of plaster. It is however slowing, wasteful of materials and it is difficult to install components such as door and windows hatches.Frame and sheet partition These are similar in concepts metal stud and sheet partitions except that they are constructed exploitation an arrangement of proprietary components such as doors and glazing element. carving component is kept a minimum and joints between panels are usually expressed using cover strips. Frame and sheet partitions are fit for dismantling and relocation, and ca n be called demountable partitions.Frame and panel partition These are variations on the frame and sheet partition. In this system the panels are position between the studs or frame which is left exposed. These methods are constructed by using self keep panels, with double skin of plasterboard separated by egg-create element.SUSPENDED CEILINGSuspended detonator These can be defined as chapiter which is fixed to a framework suspended from the main structure thus forming voids between the two components. It is used where enough crown as available to hang it from the capital joists and still have enough height between the floor and new hood. Suspended ceiling have two main functions a metal grid that provide a structural and a height weight panels that slip into grid.The basic functional requirement of suspended ceiling isThey should be easy to construct, repaired, maintain and clean.Should be designed that an adequate means of access is provide to the voids spaces for the maint enance of the jailbreak system keeped services and / or light fighting.Provide any required sound and / or thermal insulation.Provide any required acoustic control in terms absorption and reverberation.Should be provide with fire resistance or protection to structure steel beams supporting floor.Conform with the minimum requirements set out in the Building Regulations and in particular the regulations governing the restriction of spread of flame over surfaces of ceiling and exceptions permitting the uses of certain plastic material.TYPES OF SUSPENDED CEILINGThe suspended ceiling can be classified as the way in which they are constructed as followingJointless ceiling These ceilings although suspended below the main form uses sheets of plasterboard. In these systems the plasterboard is fixed to the underside of the suspended framework. This can provide fire resistant ceiling and this may be one of the reasons for using this type of construction. Moreover it is not suitable for a sit uation where service is to be carried in the voids unless they can be approached from the floor area above. This type of ceiling is particularly useful where the ceiling needs to take s etched shape. It can provide a fire resistant ceiling construction. fit or frame and tile systems These ceilings are the commonest form of suspended ceiling use in construction industry today. They constructed with a metal frame grid suspended from the floor or structure above. In this system the grid are fitted tiles made from different materials such as minerals lineament board, plaster and metal and it is supported by the grid. Generally these types of ceiling are easily constructed, maintained and easy means of access to services.Open ceiling These ceiling are designed to give a visual barrier between the rooms below and the ceiling voids above by the use of an open grid. This type ceiling the light is fixed to the lower side of the ceiling.RAISED FLOORTYPES OF RAISED FLOORThe shallow or batten ed floor This type of floor is supported on battens fixed to the structural sub-floor. This type of floor provide spaces of wiring and the floor contain the acoustic properties of a floor and as cavities seldom exceeds 100mm is normally only used to conceal cable runs.Platform floor This type of floor is supported on adjustable jacks whom rest on the structural sub-floor. Using pedestals an adjustable cavity with depth ranging from 40mm to 150mm depending on which proprietary system can be provided. It is suitable for most services installation requirements.SECTION TWO proficient DESIGN DECISIONS TO BE TAKEN TO SPEED UP CONSTRUCTION cognitive operationClients often demand faster construction so as to make from early completion of projects. Although there are notable examples where fast construction has been achieved, the consensus is that the construction industry has not been entirely successful in skirmish clients expectations. This is mainly due to a disjointed industry, in wh ich design is often separated from the construction activities. Traditional practices are proving inadequate, to the point where either they can no grander achieve the desired delivery time, or, if projects are force to meet the programme, they do not provide the required quality and long term performance. If faster construction is needed, the level of attainment of the targets is an essential part of assessing the overall performance of the construction industry in meeting client needs.Site locationThe location of the structure on the chosen place is often fundamental to the success of the faster construction initiative. Attention should be paid to pose topography, especially noting potential sources of problems such as the water table, contamination, existing structures, substations and overhead high load cables.RepetitionRepetition is a most effective way to zipper up activities. This can involve the use of standardised components installed in the same way each time. For det ail installation, repetition might mean standardising the grade of cover everywhere on the project at 35 N/mm2, avoiding the additional management time of checking on each pour. Repetition might involve keeping an element to a constant dimension or position e.g. all lighter pendants are in the centre of every room, or extract vents are always 150 mm down from the ceiling.Standard modulesUse of homogeneous or standard modules speeds construction because it simplifies the checking of drawings, fabrication and installation. The principle can be applied by using a standard dense concrete block for all block work, or by employing standard air handling units in roof plant or standard washbasin pods within the buildingOrientationThe orientation of the project could dramatically doctor the speed of construction. A project located some distance from the site access is likely to have more space available for off-loading facilities and storage. If the project structure is close to the ac cess point, or obstructs or restricts access to the remainder of the site, then faster construction is likely to be more difficult. material bodyThe mass, height or plan shape of a project will significantly affect the ease and speed of construction. While massed elements may speed construction, they may also obstruct the site and so slow progress. For example, plumping ductwork elements reduce the number of joint connections that need to be made and so reduce construction time. However, the greater size and length of the elements might seal off access and slow the process down. Prefabrication, pre-assembly and modularisation. Consider the potential of methods based on prefabrication pre-assembly and modularisation.Environmental and sustainability issuesRecognise the environmental and sustainability issues inherent in faster construction on site. It will probably be necessary to expend capable or more energy over a shorter period to achieve the same end-product earlier. The proce dures should ensure that the materials used are sustainable.