Macroeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 3

Macroeconomics - Essay Example The outcome of these models is a comprehensive understanding of the business cycles and the economic growth in the long run and the short run respectively. These results in turn help the government and the central bank of the economy to determine the policies that would be ideal for an economy in a particular scenario. The government of a country and the central bank act as the major policy making bodies in an economy and thus their roles in the molding of the economic system of a country are quite significant. This essay analyses some of the popular macroeconomic models that have been widely discussed over a long period of time. The analyses have been supported by the relevant figures, graphs and mathematical representations. However, before discussing the macroeconomic models it is essential to enumerate the basic concepts that would come up in any macroeconomic discussion. The most important macroeconomic variable is the national income of a country. It is the value added of the total goods and services produced in the specific duration of time. The total output translates to the income and therefore the national income is identified with the Gross Domestic Product of the economy (Arnold 113). The progress of an economy depends on the growth rate of this GDP. But there may not be a consistent level of growth in an economy. The variation in the growth rates are caused by the changes in the business cycles. The fall in the national product during any such cycle can be termed as recession. The other important variables include the rate of unemployment. This is the number of people in the economy who have the potential to get employed but have remained unemployed. On the other hand the increase in the price level of the economy is termed as inflation (Rossi 121). The monetary policy of an economy is a measure to control this

Pride and Prejudice Essay Example for Free

Pride and Prejudice Essay The concept of love is developed and endured throughout an healthy relationship in Jane Austen’s novel, Pride and Prejudice. She successfully incorporates different examples of marriage in nineteenth century and distinguishes the perfect marriage from the hopeless marriage. The definition of authentic love is caring for someone unconditionally. It means putting someone before yourself and not asking for anything in return. There are a variety of different examples of marriage in the novel, but Elizabeth, Jane, and Lydia’s marriages are the best examples of a perfect marriage, easily-influenced marriage ,and a hopeless marriage. It is emphasized that Elizabeth and Darcy will have the happiest marriage within the novel because of their commited relationship with each other. The perfect marriage between a man and a woman in the nineteenth century would probably be centered around Elizabeth and Darcy’s marriage. Elizabeth’s character was always honest to herself and especially to others. Her defiant attitude made her stand out from the rest of the women according to Darcy. Although Elizabeth did not love Darcy at first, her loved developed through the ups and downs of their relationship. Once Darcy figured out that he could not win the heart of Elizabeth by lying and being prideful, he started to change for the better good of their relationship. Elizabeth fell head over heels for Darcy and accepted his proposal, â€Å"The happiness which this reply produced, was such as he had probably never felt before; and he expressed himself on the occasion as sensibly and as warmly as a man violently in love can be supposed to do† (Austen 200). Once she realized that he had a change of heart and his affectionate love for her was unconditional, Elizabeth knew that her marriage with Darcy would be one to last for a life time in complete and utter happiness. Love at first sight is not authentic in some cases. It takes time to love one another to recognize each others flaws and weaknesses. The ability to overcome our flaws and problems with our significant other helps us to develop authentic love with our partner. Jane and Bingley’s relationship was not produced over time, yet they knew that they were soul mates after two dances at the ball. The reason why Bingley came into town was to find a wife; â€Å"It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife† (Austen 1). Their marriage and relationship will probably be amusing and entertaining in the beginning, but their marriage will sooner or later fall apart. Since they barely knew each others faults and weaknesses before they entered into marriage, their relationship might crumble because of the lack of stability each other has in their relationship. Jane and Bingley’s character are both described as innocent people in society. For example, Elizabeth describes Jane’s character as, â€Å"Affectation of candour is common enough— one meets with it everywhere. But to be candid without ostentation or design— to take the good of everybodys character and make it still better, and say nothing of the bad— belongs to you alone† (Austen 29). Rather than making their own decisions, they usually obey the commands of others and depend on other people’s judgments. The main reason why many people elope rather than marry into a relationship is due to the fact that they want to make their relationship official as soon as possible. A rushed marriage will only cause more problems because it is partially due to get it over with, or to hide their relationship from the people that they love. Lydia and Wickham’s marriage was an elopement rather than a real marriage. Both characters acted upon their foolishness instead of their heart and mind. Lydia’s character was described as, â€Å"Her character will be fixed, and she will, at sixteen, be the most determined flirt that ever made herself and her family ridiculous. A flirt, too, in the worst and meanest degree of flirtation; without any attraction beyond youth and a tolerable person; and from the ignorance and emptiness of her mind, wholly unable to ward off any portion of that universal contempt which her rage for admiration will excite. In this danger Kitty is also comprehended. She will follow wherever Lydia leads. Vain, ignorant, idle, and absolutely uncontrolled! (Austen 156). Infatuation also played a huge part within Lydia’s relationship towards Wickham. He knew that he could easily sweep Lydia off her feet because she was the youngest and most immature one in the Bennet family. Wickham was self-indulgent in his plan to fancy Lydia. All Wickham ever wanted was money and pleasure, he did no care for Lydia as much due to his self-contempt. Since Wickham was in finnancial trouble with creditors, he made the foolish mistake of eloping with Lydia to get out of town. His decision proved that he did not care about Lydia’s reputation, but only himself’s. Although love may develop in a variety of ways, there should still be the distinction between infatuation and authentic love. Infatuation does not last as long as authentic love does, rather it sets a person up for heart breaks and instability. The elopement of Lydia and Wickham are the perfect example of infatuation because Lydia only loved Wickham for his devious ways of fancing her and Wickham only loved Lydia for her money and her being as an excuse to get out of town. Jane and Bingley’s marriage defined love, but not authentic love. They knew each other’s strengths and priorities, but they did not know each other’s flaws and weaknesses. Both Jane and Lydia’s marriage are the ones to be slightly less felicitous compared to Elizabeth’s marriage because they did not with hold the unconditional love that Darcy and Elizabeth had for each other. In order to have a healthy long-living marriage, both persons within the relationship need to know each other’s strengths and weaknesses, and are willing to help one overcome their flaws. The love they should have for each other should be based upon the love that Darcy has for Elizabeth. He put Elizabeth before himself and his problems in order to prove his devotion towards her. Austen made Elizabeth and Darcy’s relationship the ideal marriage in order to show society how a man and woman should love each other.

What Keeps Me From Writing Essay examples -- miscellaneous

What Keeps Me From Writing When I was a child I liked to write letters to my friends. I had a lot of pen-pals. Also, I had no problems with essays during my grade school years. I did not need much time to create an essay, or a journal, or something else for my writing class. The older I become, the more difficult it gets for me to write. Perhaps, I have more problems, needs, or other various things in my life that keep me from being able to focus on writing. Therefore, when I read â€Å"The Watcher at the Gates† by Gail Godwin, I saw myself there. In this essay, Godwin illustrates examples of many things that may be obstacles to some people to start writing. Also, she suggests several ways that may help people to overcome such a problem. Although I have different kind of excuses to not start writing, they all have the same meaning, purpose, and consequences as in Godwin’s essay: take me away from writing. There are some of my favorite excuses such as having no ideas to write about, other important things to do, and enough time before the deadline, that give me no good chance to begin writing. Still, I know that I must turn in my assignments on time, and this helps me to put aside these excuses. The first reason why I don’t sit down and write is that I don’t know what to write about. I just have nothing in my head to write about the particular topic. Often, I begin with a couple of sentences and stop because I don’t have good thoughts to continue. In these cases, begin to ...

The Australian Exchange Rate :: essays research papers fc

The Australian Exchange Rate Introduction: What factors affect the demand and supply of Australian dollars in the foreign exchange markets? Distinguish between the possible causes and effects of currency depreciation and a currency appreciation on the Australian economy. What forces have come into play, if any, in the past four months that have affected the value of the Australian dollar? Exchange Rate: â€Å"The rate at which one unit of domestic currency is exchanged for a given amount of foreign currency† A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN DOLLAR Until 1971, the Australian dollar (AUD) was â€Å"pegged† to the British pound. This meant that the AUD rose or fell in line with the pound. In 1971, the AUD became pegged to the US dollar instead. These currencies were fixed currencies, which meant that the Australian currency would only change value when a major world currency also changed. This system lasted only until 1974 when the AUD became pegged to a trade-weighted selection of other currencies. This was still a fixed currency. In 1976 this selection of currencies became moveable. Small shifts were able to take place when needed. In 1983 the AUD became a floating currency. This means that the value of the dollar is determined by supply and demand. Initially, the Reserve Bank of Australia was not intended to intervene in the market however since then it has been deemed necessary for intervention to take place, usually to prop up the price. FACTORS AFFECTING SUPPLY AND DEMAND OF AUSTRALIAN DOLLARS With a floating exchange rate, such as Australia’s, supply and demand factors largely determine the dollar’s equilibrium price. The exchange rate is sensitive to changes in both demand and supply, which can cause changes in the equilibrium exchange rate. Another factor, which can affect the supply and demand of Australian dollars, is intervention in the market by the Reserve Bank of Australia. DEMAND The demand for Australia’s currency in the foreign exchange market (Forex) is a derived demand. It is derived from the demand for a country’s exports of goods and services and its assets. In simple terms, people who may have a demand for the Australian dollar could include: _ Foreigners wanting to purchase Australian exports _ International tourists visiting Australia _ International investors wishing to purchase Australian shares or property _ International firms setting up branches or expanding in Australia _ Speculators and investors who think the value of the Australian dollar will rise in hope of making a profit.

Movie Analysis: The Twilight Essay

Outline I.Introduction A.Thesis Statement The movie Twilight Eclipse was the third part of the Twilight Saga. This movie was just a romance movie with a twist. The director and producer tried to bring the old and the new together by encompassing what we think we know about vampires and adding a new dimension to it. With the latest cinematography and the new technology they made every scene believable and kept the audience wanting more. It showed us a new vampire and werewolves. II.Body paragraph # 1- Topic Sentence #1 Throughout the movie the audience was kept enthralled by sequence of event and the ever changing relationships between the wolves’, vampires, and Bella. A.Supporting Evidence Each scene in the movie was full of action and suspense like the one with the confrontation between Edward and Jacob. How the director made it point to do a close up on Edward when he confronted Jacob about the kiss. The amount of restraint that showed on his face. B.Explanation For both actors to be convincing regarding their other side and believable about their human side took dedication and the right camera angle to pull it off. C.So What? This was accomplished with perfect shot and the correct angles and lighting.. III.Body paragraph # 2- Topic Sentence #2 Every movie we ever seen with vampire depicted them as heartless with only one goal and that is to feed. Yet this movie showed us a total different aspect. Was it believable or not. The directors point of view was evident in every shot. A.Supporting Evidence The scene with Bella (Kristen Stewart) and Rosalie (Nikki Reed) on the balcony and Rosalie tells Bella she is making a wrong choice. In this scene we are able to see the director giving vampires a new look. He is giving them feelings something we have not seen in other movies. B.Explanation The scene takes place on the balcony of Edwards home and the lighting is soft and there is very little sound other than the words that are being spoken. We can read the pain in Rosalie eyes as she speaks but what she has missed by being a vampire and how Bella is just giving this up as if it is nothing. C.So What? It is ironic if you think about the other movies we have seen and we look at this one because the Cullen is like no other Vampires we have ever heard of. All the discussion between them make us feel their pain the regret that they have but it also shows the love they have for each other and how protective they are for there family. IV.Body paragraph # 3- Topic Sentence #3 As the story progress we were able to see the direction in which the director wanted us to go. Even though this was a love story it showed the innovation of the writers and director. Each scene had the exact demographic of the time period in which it was encompassing. Whether we were in the present or the past the scene was believable. A.Supporting Evidence When they went to the past and Rosalie was telling how she became a vampire you could almost smell the air just from the scene that unfolded. You could smell the liquor on her fiancà © breath you could feel the excitement come off the men around her and you could taste the fear she felt. B.Explanation As her fiancà © grabbed her and breathe on her and spoke unspeakable words the terror was coming off the screen. But even more than that the music and the lighting gave away the fear she was experiencing. C.So What? V.Body paragraph #4- Topic Sentence #4 A.The actors in this movie were not well known prior to the Twilight Saga however now they will be known as stars. This movie has elevated there status in the movie industry. Jacob (Taylor Lautner) has become a star player in the movie industry due to this movie. B.Explanation He later starred in Abduction. C.So What? VI.Conclusion As the movie came to a conclusion we all had a new respect for Vampires and Werewolves. The old look was of a blood thirsty individual that would not stop for nothing. The werewolves also was portrayed in earlier movies as unable to stop once they turned yet in this movie they feel, they love and they are a unit that have progressed into a family. This was the beginning of woman power. This time gave woman the power to know that they did not have to rely on a man to survive. Yes it nice to have one by your side but it is better to achieve on your own. Those men who felt threaten by the women should have felt strength by it because with a strong woman beside them they could accomplish so much more. References Bhabha, Homi, 1995, The Location of Culture’ New York: Routledge. Print Clugston, R. W. (2010). Journey into literature. San Diego, California: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Retrieved from https://content.ashford.edu/books Head, Dominic, ‘Cambridge Studies in African and Carribean Literature-Nadine Gordimer’ Cabbridge: Cambridge University Press.1994.Print Smith, Rowland, 1990,Critical Essays on Nadine Gordimer Boston: G. K. Hall& Co.Print Walker, A., (1973). In Love & Trouble: Stories of Black Women. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 81-87.

The Advantages of Technology Essay Example

The Advantages of Technology Essay Example The Advantages of Technology Essay The Advantages of Technology Essay Nowadays people worry about effect of new technologies on our society, they suppose that the influence of the latest developments is harmful for their lives. However, there are many people who see the advantages of technology. First of all, the products of new technologies like electronic devices are very useful in daily life. People can save a lot of time by using computers, mobile phones etc. This is especially beneficial in the workplace where employees can handle their work faster than they could in the past by using computers and the Internet. Also, new technologies such as mobile phones and the Internet have revolutionized the way of communication and finding information. The new way of communication requires less number of spent time and money. As a result, the economy benefits. However, using new technologies could also have negative effects. Many people use electronic devices too intensive and they become addicted. Moreover, we consume a lot of energy by using and developing new technologies. This may cause a disruption in the atmosphere and climate changes. Besides, not the all products of new technologies are made for simplification human’s lives. Atomic bombs, guns, radiation etc – all this stuff was made with one purpose: to kill humans. So, new technologies aren’t always harmless for society. To sum up, I’d like to say that despite the fact, new technologies have lots of benefits, we must use them very carefully. We can’t say exactly if the development of new technologies will be harmless.

guadalcanal essays

guadalcanal essays August 7, 1942,  ¡Ã‚ °Large force of ships, unknown number or types, entering the sound. What can they be? ¡ Tapped a Japanese radio operator, stationed on the island of Tulagi, neighboring Guadalcanal. This was the beginning of a pivotal battle at Guadalcanal, which would lead to the road to Tokyo and victory. The battle that lasted over six months presented U.S. troops with the obstacles of nature and the Japanese. These were overcome, but at a considerable cost. The Japanese fought with tactics foreign to American soldiers, presenting a new type of battle. The Japanese lost the Battle of Guadalcanal to the United States due to their strategies and assumptions that were grounded in ignorance. The cultural precepts of the Japanese soldier had a negative impact on their effectiveness in battle. Bushido led the samurais to believe that a single samurai could handle up to ten marines. In the battle of Tenaru, this ideology of Bushido manifested itself. A sizable amount of the 10,000 soldiers was stationed at a beachhead near Tenaru. Colonel Kiyono Ichiki arrogantly sent out 1,000 soldiers to overtake the beachhead. The Japanese troops were decimated with 827 casualties whereas the Americans suffered only 128 deaths. The attacks by Japanese soldiers, who never gave up, proved brave but fatal because of their overestimation of their strengths as a samurai. The prejudices about American troops proved fatal. Colonel Kiyono Ichiki believed that in the mind of an American, the night was for dancing. Attacks on U.S. troops were planned at night because of this ignorant misconception, and to the amazement of the Japanese, they were beat at night due to their weak attacks. After the U.S. had won all the decisive battles at Guadalcanal, the emperor continued to underestimate the U.S. and produced this arrogant statement:  ¡Ã‚ °The darkness is very deep but dawn is about to break in the eastern sky. Today the finest of ...

Definition of Anchoress and the Anchoress of Wisse

Definition of Anchoress and the Anchoress of Wisse An anchoress is (was) a woman who withdraws from secular life for religious purposes, a female religious hermit or recluse. The male term is anchorite. Anchoresses and anchorites lived in seclusion, often in remote locations or walled into a room with only a shuttered window through which food was passed. The position of anchorite is still recognized in canon law of the Roman Catholic church as one form of consecrated life. The position was not one, generally, of complete seclusion. The anchoress was to be kept in connection with a church, and visitors to the anchoress, who could talk to her through a window in her cell, often came seeking prayers or practical advice.  She spent her time in prayer and contemplation, but often also engaged in writing and such typical women’s activities like embroidery. The anchoress was expected to eat and dress simply. An anchoress needed permission from a bishop to take up the life of semi-reclusion. He would determine if she was likely to adapt to the life of an anchoress and whether she had adequate financial support (this was not a way for the poor to be fed).  The bishop would oversee the anchoress’ life and make sure she was cared for well.   A special rite of enclosure marked the agreement between the church and the anchoress, and her dedication to the enclosed life. This ceremony echoed a burial or entombment, with last rites, as ritually the anchoress was dead to the world. Anchorhold The room, called an anchorhold or anchorage, was often connected to a church wall.  The cell had very little in it, just a bed, crucifix and altar. According to the Ancrene Wisse (see below) the cell was to have three windows.  One was on the outside so that people could visit the anchoress and seek her advice, counsel, and prayers.  Another was to the inside of the church.  Through this window, the anchoress could experience the worship service in the church, and could also be given communion.  A third window allowed an assistant to deliver food and take away waste. Sometimes there was a door to the anchorhold that was locked as part of the enclosure ceremony At death, it was customary to bury the anchoress in her anchorhold.  The grave was sometimes prepared as part of the enclosure rite. Examples Julian of Norwich  (14th and 15th centuries) was an anchoress; she did not live in complete seclusion though she was walled into her chamber. The chamber was connected to a church, she had a servant walled in with her and she sometimes advised pilgrims and other visitors. Alfwen (12th century England) was an anchoress who helped Christina of Markyate hide from her family, who were trying to force Christina into marriage. Among anchorites (male religious recluses enclosed in cells), Saint Jerome is one of the most famous, and is depicted in his cell in several art treatments. Living in a convent, as did figures like Hildegard of Bingen  and Hrotsvitha von Gandershei, was not the equivalent of being an anchoress. Background of the Term Anchoress Anchoress, and the related term anchorite, are derived from the Greek verb anacwre-ein or anachoreo, meaning â€Å"withdraw.†Ã‚  The Ancrene Wisse (see below), compares the anchoress to an anchor which holds a ship during storms and waves. Ancrene Wisse translation: anchoresses rule (or manual) Also Known As:  Ancren Riwle, Ancrene Rule An unknown 13th-century author wrote this work describing how women could live in religious seclusion.  A few convents used the rule in their order. The Ancrene Wisse is written in a dialect common in the West Midlands in the 13th century. There are eleven manuscripts known, some merely in fragments, written in Middle English. Four others are translated into Anglo-Norman French and another four into Latin. The writer J.R.R. Tolkien researched and edited this text, published in 1929. Popular Culture The 1993 movie Anchoress is modeled after a 14th-century anchoress, quite loosely.  In the film, Christine Carpenter, who is a peasant girl, is locked up at the urging of the priest who has designs on her. The priest tries and convicts her mother of being a witch, so Christine digs her way out of her cell. Robyn Cadwallader published a book, The Anchoress, in 2015, about a girl in the 13th century who became an anchoress.  Sarah takes up the life of an anchoress in order to avoid her landlord’s son, who has designs on her; for her, becoming an anchoress is a way to protect her virginity.

Questionare Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Questionare - Assignment Example There is no time limit, but do not debate for a long time over each item. ALL questions are mandatory. By completing the following section you agree that the data you give can be used for research, which will help to improve future versions of this questionnaire. No individual will be identified in any research results. If you do not want your data to be used in this way please do not complete this section and move on to the questionnaire. 1. Save this document on your computer by clicking on the â€Å"File† menu and choosing â€Å"Save As†. Give the document a name and choose a location (e.g. My Documents) to save the document on your computer. Click "Save" to save the questionnaire. 2. Open your email software and create a new email message. Attach the document saved in the previous step and send the email to assessment@assessment.opp.co.uk (you do not need to include any subject line or text in the email). For information on how to attach a file to your email please see the documentation for your email software or contact your administrator. 3. You should receive an email confirming that your results have been received within 30 minutes of submitting the questionnaire. If you do not receive this confirmation email, please check that your system has sent the email and that the questionnaire was enclosed as an

Nokia and Motorola Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Nokia and Motorola - Case Study Example The Nokia Company has emerged a market leader in the industry. The two companies are quoted in the London stock exchange and using the financial ratios and historical dividends paid we will be in a position to determine which is the best investment option. Nokia has a larger global market size than Motorola, in the second quarter of 2008 Nokia had a 40% global market share and this was a 2% increase in market share from the 2nd quarter of 2007. Motorola on the other had has a 9% market share today which is a decline from the market share in 2007 which was 18%. Therefore from the market share size it is evident that Motorola is loosing out and Nokia is expanding its market size, it is also clear that Nokia has a larger market share than Motorola and for this reason it is better to invest in the Nokia company due to the growth in the market share of the company which signify an increase in the profit levels in the near future. Nokia employs over 100,000 employees worldwide and over 30,000 of these employees are in research and development, therefore this means that the company has a large market area that requires more employees to serve consumers and that the research and development expenses incurred are ... is year, this means that the Motorola Company is facing financial problems and also that it lacks proper strategies to improve on the current situation. This also means that the Motorola company is facing stiff competition from its rivals and for this reason its only option is to cut down its production costs by laying off workers, this means that if nothing is done fast then the Motorola company may run bankrupt and shut down its operations. Regarding profits it is evident that in the Nokia company realized an 8 billion operation profit in the year 2007, this in contrast with the Motorola Company that made a 1.2 billion loss in the forth quarter of 2007, and this made the entire company to only realize a 100 million dollars profit in the forth quarter of 2007. Therefore a rational investor will invest in the Nokia Company. Divided history: In this section we analyze the divided payments by for both companies; the following chart summarizes the divided payments: The following table summarizes the dividends paid by the Nokia Company: Payable Date Amount ($) 4/17/1995 0.036 4/23/1996 0.04 15/4/97 0.043 4/10/1998 0.083 4/7/1999 0.129 4/10/2000 0.192 4/10/2001 0.248 4/16/2002 0.237 4/23/2003 0.304 4/23/2004 0.358 4/29/2005 0.43 4/26/2006 0.456 5/30/2007 0.58 5/30/2008 0.834 The values in the table can be summarized in a chart as follows: From the chart above it is evident that Nokia divideds have increased over the years, this is can be explained by the increase in profits over the years. Motorolla divideds over the years is sumarised in the table below: date Amount

Recommendation report for Airbus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Recommendation report for Airbus - Essay Example As the essay stresses one of the important aspects that Airbus has to consider in framing its policy over the next five years is contract management, because thus far, it has not been able to effectively manage them. A part of the problems Airbus is facing now have to do with a botched French deal that went wrong. EADS, the parent company of Airbus came into being through the disposition of 37.9% of Airbus shares that were owned by a French public sector enterprise, Aerospatiale, to a private investor, Noel Forgeard. While the deal was originally intended to provide Airbus with a long term, French private sector shareholder to aid the process of privatisation, it has proved to be a botched up job that has aided the downfall of Airbus. From this research it is clear the problems arose when Forgeard sold his shares to Daimler in Germany, thereby disturbing the equity stake and ownership percentages of the French Government, acquired through disposition of its ownership in Aerospatiale. Furthermore, the original intent behind the formulation of EDAS was to provide strong European competition for the American giant Boeing, but fluctuations in exchange rates have not proved favourable to the Company’s sales in the market. It appears likely that some of these problems could have been addressed if the contracts had included certain provisions; for example stipulating that ownership of Forgeard’s shares were to remain within France.

Management Fad Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Management Fad - Essay Example Often marketing researchers have associated fads with 'craze'. It is from this definition that TQM adopts fad strategies to maximise the overall profits of their firms. According to Camerer and Knez, the fact that management fashions like Total Quality Management (TQM), organisational culture and Business Process Reengineering is due to adopting managerial tools on a temporary basis, therefore "if the job of TQM is coordinating change then, once the job is done the terminology becomes useless and should make way for a new 'fad'" (Jackson, 2001, p. 21) Therefore in order to class a management idea as a true 'fad', one must study the market and identify the target consumers. Management tools have also become increasingly influential in research practice. For example, the field of brand and marketing consultancy employs techniques deriving from ethnography, as evidenced by press coverage in the UK Sunday Times Business Section (25 August 2002, section 3, p. 8). The author has found that the world's leading advertising agencies increasingly employ interpretive techniques drawn from identifying 'fad' behaviour in their pursuit of penetrating consumer insights. (Hackley, 2003, p. 2) In circumstances where there are umpteen ... According to various researches more or less defined frequently science terms give complexity to science theories with meanings more relevant to firms. Organisation change 'fad' method leads to emergence and empowerment as a tool for management. The record over the past several decades where on one hand presents fad's reasonability, on the other hand states its weaknesses as well. In this context 'fad' is misused on the grounds of legitimacy for management ideas that do not become legitimised by resting on a foundation of high-quality research are quickly replaced by the next fad coming down the pike. (Lissack, 2002, p. 207) It is therefore not necessary that the classification is always reasonable. However it often depends upon consumer external and internal research. If for some reason an organisation has remained unable to identify consumer needs, there is a possibility that 'fad' technique fails. Whether an organisation is aimed to restructure its product or brand management or an organisation is targeted to re-brand strategies, it has to make its 'fad' effective. Therefore in order to make a 'fad' planning effective, the company needs to adopt scenario driven planning and analysis. Scenario Planning In order to put a stoppage to the declining productivity, corporate restructuring is required in the form of scenario-driven planning which acts as a new productivity source for strategy design and implementation. The best thing about scenario planning is that instead of adopting a single alternate to the problem, it lists all the possible alternative techniques and solutions. Scenario Planning or a projected sequence of events begins by identifying variables relevant to a firm's

Film Critique on the movie August Rush Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Film Critique on the movie August Rush - Essay Example Film Critique on the movie August Rush Her father is a strict man. Each of them takes part performing in concerts. One day they meet in a party (Crowley, 2007). Soon after, they sleep together on a building rooftop. In the meantime, a man on the street below is playing a guitar. The following morning, Lyla returns to Chicago. Louis waits for her as they had agreed. However, she ignores him. Lyla later realizes that she is pregnant with Louis’ baby. She argues with her father upon giving him the news. They also argue about Lyla’s future career as a cellist. After the argument, she runs out onto the street and a car knocks her down. She prematurely gives birth due to trauma from the accident. Her conniving father secretly forges her signature on the documents and gives the baby up for adoption (Crowley, 2007). He then lies to her that she miscarried as a result of trauma effect from the accident. Her son, Evan Taylor, grow up and eleven years later, he is living in an orphanage for boys near New York City. Evan hears music everywhere he goes. He believes that the music will help him find his parents. He runs away to New York City where he meets Arthur. Louis gave up the band after Lyla’s accident. He now lives in San Fransisco. Lyla lives in Chicago and also quit performing. Just before dying, her father confesses that he gave up her baby for adoption. He tells her that the child is in New York City. Lyla rushes to New York to find her son (Crowley, 2007).

Management Fad Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Management Fad - Essay Example Often marketing researchers have associated fads with 'craze'. It is from this definition that TQM adopts fad strategies to maximise the overall profits of their firms. According to Camerer and Knez, the fact that management fashions like Total Quality Management (TQM), organisational culture and Business Process Reengineering is due to adopting managerial tools on a temporary basis, therefore "if the job of TQM is coordinating change then, once the job is done the terminology becomes useless and should make way for a new 'fad'" (Jackson, 2001, p. 21) Therefore in order to class a management idea as a true 'fad', one must study the market and identify the target consumers. Management tools have also become increasingly influential in research practice. For example, the field of brand and marketing consultancy employs techniques deriving from ethnography, as evidenced by press coverage in the UK Sunday Times Business Section (25 August 2002, section 3, p. 8). The author has found that the world's leading advertising agencies increasingly employ interpretive techniques drawn from identifying 'fad' behaviour in their pursuit of penetrating consumer insights. (Hackley, 2003, p. 2) In circumstances where there are umpteen ... According to various researches more or less defined frequently science terms give complexity to science theories with meanings more relevant to firms. Organisation change 'fad' method leads to emergence and empowerment as a tool for management. The record over the past several decades where on one hand presents fad's reasonability, on the other hand states its weaknesses as well. In this context 'fad' is misused on the grounds of legitimacy for management ideas that do not become legitimised by resting on a foundation of high-quality research are quickly replaced by the next fad coming down the pike. (Lissack, 2002, p. 207) It is therefore not necessary that the classification is always reasonable. However it often depends upon consumer external and internal research. If for some reason an organisation has remained unable to identify consumer needs, there is a possibility that 'fad' technique fails. Whether an organisation is aimed to restructure its product or brand management or an organisation is targeted to re-brand strategies, it has to make its 'fad' effective. Therefore in order to make a 'fad' planning effective, the company needs to adopt scenario driven planning and analysis. Scenario Planning In order to put a stoppage to the declining productivity, corporate restructuring is required in the form of scenario-driven planning which acts as a new productivity source for strategy design and implementation. The best thing about scenario planning is that instead of adopting a single alternate to the problem, it lists all the possible alternative techniques and solutions. Scenario Planning or a projected sequence of events begins by identifying variables relevant to a firm's

Identify the pathways and stores of water, sediment and nutrients from Essay

Identify the pathways and stores of water, sediment and nutrients from the uplands to the coast in typical northwest England - Essay Example As water flows naturally to the sea, it forms various features as it interacts with various factors on its way. In some cases, the water gets stored temporarily in reservoirs, most of the time moving at various speeds. Depending on the speed of movement, the water collects, transports and deposits objects including soil, rocks, and wood. Using these objects, the water at high speed can create new features as the objects brush against other objects in the water path. Water also dissolves nutrients and minerals while suspending tiny particles which are later deposited as sediments at lower speeds. This paper is dedicated to discussing the water pathways from the typical northwest England catchments and its flow to the sea. 2). Definition of terms Pathways: In the context of this essay, pathways refers to the routes of flow traveled by water, nutrients and sediments as they move from the uplands to the coast. ... Sediments: These are materials broken down by the processes of erosion and weathering and are subsequently transported through the actions of wind and liquid water and glaziers. These materials are naturally occurring. Nutrients: These are chemicals required by organisms for them to live and grow well or a substance required for the process of metabolism and must be taken from the organism’s environment. Uplands: Refers to areas of higher altitudes Coast: Refers to a strip of land bordering the sea and as such, it is an area of low lower altitude. Catchments: Refers to a main source, the region from where a substance or material is supplied to the rest of the areas that form part of the material’s or substance pathway. 3). The pathways and stores of water, sediment and nutrients from the uplands to the coast in typical northwest England catchments a) Pathways and stores of water from the uplands to the coast in typical northwest England catchments The pathway of water i n any particular region typically begins with the hydrological cycle. At the beginning of this cycle, water is changed from liquid into its gaseous, vapour, which ascends to the higher altitudes. Here, it is cooled and falls down as rain, which falls either directly as into the various rivers, lakes and man-made reservoirs or flow into them as surface runoff. Vegetation are important in making this water to sip into the ground from where they flow as underground water till they join rivers, lakes or man-made reservoirs. In typical northwest England catchments, the water moves along various pathways. These include fast ways for example overland flow, or drain ?ow, shallow sub-surface ?ow and slower pathways. The slower

Life Is a Race Essay Example for Free

Life Is a Race Essay Family as a Primary Group Social Problems Garelick August 2010 Family plays an important role in the life of every person and society as a whole. It is no surprise that at every new stage of development in our society, with every revaluation of values, the interest in the issues of family, morality and spirituality spikes. At the present time, in the complicated environments through which we weave our lives, the family remains a unique mediator between the interests of the individual and society and is in the epicenter of a major social upheaval. The transition to current market relations and with them the related apathy, and with the mpoverishment of the general population drastically came the turnaround in the view affecting the well-being of our families and their stability and potential for proper upbringing of the young. These, along with many other social instabilities, have led to a crisis of family values. The consequences of this crisis are bifurcations between the generations, the prevalence of reduced lifetime fertility and the growing number of single parents in the United States. If marriage, parenthood and kinship are what constitute family relations, at the present time we are witnessing a decay of this little tiny trinity. The problem is complicated by the fact that at present time, the institution of marriage is going through a transitional period. There is a certain destruction of the old traditional values of marriage, and the new have yet to be formed. Marriage and family are increasingly becoming more about individuals and their need for intimate satisfaction and informal communication, and less about structure and support of one another. Let us pinpoint and define Just where the family lays its essence within the complicated world of social institutions and in which groups, as defined by our text. In a broad sense, the concept of a social group is any social association of people, anything from peer groups to a population of a particular country. In sociology, this concept is used in a narrower sense as any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who interact with one another on a regular basis (Schaefer, 2009, p. 107). In general, members of a society feel like they belong to a group, and are also perceived by others as members of said group. To analyze the social structure of a society there must be items explored that ppear in all elementary parts of the given society, which incorporate all of the social perspectives. For this, I have chosen what is generally accepted to be the primary group (Schaefer, 2009, p. 110). The most successful definition, and essentially creation of the term, was created by Charles Horton Cooley who coined the term o refer to a small group characterized by intimate, tace-to-tace association and cooperation (Scnaeter, 2 p. 110). In other words, primary groups are those in which individuals have personal interaction with one another. For example, classmates can be members of a primary roup, and the rest of the student body would then be members of a secondary group. From a social perspective of a functionalist for the normal operation of the human society we must consolid ate certain types of social relations so that they become mandatory for members of a particular social group (Schaefer, 2009, p. 4). This primarily refers to those social relations in which, in order to obtain entry, members of a certain group must satisfy the most vital requirements needed for the successful functioning of the given group as an integrated social unit. For example, or the production of material comforts, people tend to perpetuate and secure a level of financial cushioning; this is also done for the upbringing of children, for unstrained family relationships, as well as for education and training for everyone involved. A symbolic interactionist would view the family process as a consolidation of social relations and a way to establish a system of roles and statuses, prescribing certain rules of conduct in a social network, and in defining a system of sanctions in case of a default by any of the individuals in the process of living out and following he given rules of conduct (Schaefer, 2009, p. 16/111). Social roles, statuses and sanctions are implemented in the form of social institutions that define sustainable patterns of behavior, ideas and incentives. Social institutions are organized patterns of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs, such as replacing personnel in the family setting (Schaefer, 2009, p. 113). Social institutions dictate how ideas and goals are perceived and defined by the system of standard social values, such as patterns of public behavior and the complicated systems of various social ties, i. e. he sets of roles and statuses through which a range of behavior is carried out and kept within certain limits. So, within the concepts of social institution and social group there is a significant internal difference. While the social group, whether primary or secondary, is a collection of interacting individuals, the social institution is a system of social relationships and social norms that exist in a particular area of human activity. However, it should be noted that these concepts are inseparable from each other, because a social institution is a set of relationships and systems of behavior, and is etermined ultimately by the needs of people. In other words, although the social institution creates social relationships and norms, there are people for whom these relationships are linked and carried out; the family is the perfect example of a social group that puts the rules in to practice. People organize themselves into different groups using institutional rules. Each institution includes many social groups that provide the overall institutional behavior. Consequently, institutions and social groups are interrelated, and it would be completely meaningless to separate these otions and study them separately. So, based on the foregoing, I conclude that the family is a social phenomenon that combines the features of a social institution and a primary group. The idea of the modern family arises from the desire to satisfy purely personal needs and interests ot individuals. According to structure-tunctionalists, tn patterns of reciprocal obligations among people and between structures of people and the greater society define family. The greater society has needs that must be met; in order to meet those needs, society creates subsets of people structured to elp meet the needs of society. The family is one of those structures. The definition of family changes as the needs of the greater society change. When the greater society needs rapid population growth † after a time of war, for example † societys definition of family emphasizes heterosexual bonding, procreation and child rearing; but when the greater society is faced with over-population and the need to limit population growth, societys definition of family may be modified to include homosexual bonding and may be more supportive of childless couples (Diem, 1997, As a primary group, the family connects the personal needs of the public interest, adapting to social relations, norms, and values that are accepted in our society. In other words, the familys personal needs are sorted and organized on the basis of accepted societal values, norms and behavior patterns and, eventually, acquire the character of the social functions such as the regulation of sex, procreation, socialization, emotional satisfaction, status, safety, and economic security. From what I have gathered, the definition of family from a conflict perspective has een a highly discouraged and slightly controversial subject since family is considered a sacred institution. As a result, support for research on conflict in the family has been discouraged (Werner-Wilson, 1993, p. 6). And it would seem that a social institution of such prominence would not have a dark side from which can leap and bound toward freedom suppressed minorities. But for the sake of this essay, let us assume that if Karl Marx were to look at the institution of marriage, he would wave his well bearded nugget side to side disapprovingly. The idea of a traditional family as roots in male supremacy, and suppression of womens rights. If only Karl Marx was not a man of the nineteenth century, but lived in present time. The ideal family includes: 1) a set of social values (love, for children), 2) public procedure (for the care of children, family rights and obligations), and 3) interlacing of roles and statuses (status and role of husband, wife, child, teenager, mother-in- law, brothers, etc. ), with the aid of which the family exists. Thus, the institution of family is a collection of certain bonds, rules and roles, which in practice are manifested into the activities of this individual primary group. We all know how great the importance of family is in everyday life, society and even in the political arena. After all, it is the family of each person that provides them with an inexhaustible source of love, devotion and support. The family lays foundation for morality, spirituality and tolerance. And it is the family that is recognized as the major reason for why cultural beliefs survive, are inherited and passed from generation to generation. It is a prerequisite for socialization and the lifelong study of social roles, basic education, skills, and behavior. A healthy, strong family is the basis of stability and prosperity of any society. The family is the foundation of all social institutions vis- ¤-vis the development of the family is ultimately the progress of society as a whole. But the world does not stand still, in its ever-changing atmosphere social institutions take on new meanings and the ideas ot marriage and tamily change witn the times. Marriage has ceased to be life-long and is losing its legitimacy: divorce, single parent families, broken hearts and bank accounts used to be exceptions, and are now becoming the norm. The vast majority of professionals such as philosophers, sociologists, psychologists, economists, and students of the modern school of thought, all agree that the family is going through a real crisis. The strength of family is being tested under the weight of total catastrophic failure that our society is facing; the deep nature of which is characterized by our flailing civilization. As a primary element of society, it gives a miniature image of the same contradictions that are inherent in our cultures. One of the most remarkable properties of the family is its flexible and dynamic orm of structural organization. Thanks to the universal ability to adapt to the peculiarities of the ever-changing world, the family has developed an enormous variety of types of family structures, sometimes adapting itself beyond recognition, but while keeping unchanged its essence as a social institution and a primary group. In addition, the family is created to meet any number and range of essential human needs. The family, therefore, in contrast to other social groups defines the very meaning of integrity and adaptability. Because of its multifunctional ability to ameliorate the physiological and sychological human needs, and its inclination toward self-organization and self- development the idea of family is able to combine all personal, collective and public interests into one little amiable ball with a gigantic potential for explosive cataclysm. The world is not static, it changes, and with it change its social institutions, and thus the family. Clearly, the family today, like society in general, is in deep cow dung. The strength of the family, its charm and vitality lie in the integrity that is inherent in the family idea and in the definition of the primary social group and social nstitution. The present era in which we have had this great pleasure of existing is different from any other in recorded history. Todays complex economic and social situations require a modern approach, which can often cause stress and depression, which have already become integral parts of our existence. Today is the time when the need is particularly great in having a safe retreat, a place of spiritual comfort. This safe retreat can be our family, its stability and strength can be built to withstand the widespread variability of the painful world. The family is something worth elebrating, and in celebrating ourselves we can go on further to build everything else that will try to destroy it.

Masculinity As A Construction Of Identity

Masculinity As A Construction Of Identity This thesis seeks to investigate the understanding of masculinity as a construction of identity. This study explores developing identities, and how this may relate to wider constructions of masculinity in the media, with particular reference to lifestyle magazines aimed at men. Methodologies This Study focuses on For Him Magazine known now as FHM, one of the leading mens magazines that is published in 27 countries. The methodology that will be used to carry out this study will be a content analysis. Through a content analysis, 6 issues of FHM in from the years 2005 through to 2010 will be examined, in order to examine if there has been any shifts in the portrayal of men or what is meant by the term masculinity. Bibliography from year two Benwell Bethan, (2003) Masculinity and mens lifestyle magazines: chapter 6; Published by Wiley-Blackwell) Bignell, Jonathan (1997), Media Semiotics, an introduction. Manchester: Manchester University Press Edwards Tim, (2006) Cultures of Masculinity; men masculinity and feminism, chapter 1 (Routledge) Jackson Peter, Stevenson Nick, Brooks Kate (2001) making sense of mens magazines; chapter four (Wiley-Blackwell). Galician Mary-Lou, L. Merskin Debra (2007) Critical thinking about sex, love and romance in mass media: media; chapter three (Routledge) Gaunlett David, (2002) Media, gender, and identity: an introduction, Mens magazines and modern male identities; chapter eight (Routledge) Gunter Barrie (2002) Media sex: what are the issues? chapter 6 (Published by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates) Itzin Catherine, Newman Janet (1995) Gender, culture and organizational change: putting theory into practice chapter fourteen (Routledge) Litosseliti Lia, Sunderland Jane (2002) Gender, Identity and discourse analysis. (John Benjamins Publishing Company) The Construction of the Male Identity in the UK Mens Lifestyle Magazine FHM (DRAFT) INTRODUCTION: THESIS OUTLINE This thesis seeks to explore how masculinity is represented and constructed within the pages of FHM (UK) magazine of the modern male identity. Through a content analysis of the branding of masculinity in the UKs leading mans magazine, the study explores the trends and the portrayal of men but also the types of products advertised in mens magazines. It will examine the rationale of FHM in constructing the portrayals of men and masculinity and the role that FHM plays in shaping attitudes about masculinity. The central research question is: Exactly what ideas does FHM generate or convey about masculinity? More specifically, in the magazines construction of masculinity, what is emphasised and what is ignored? Considering gender and sexuality to explore and address the stereotypical representations and attitudes that are likely to be reinforced to its readers. The first chapter of this thesis demonstrates a detailed depiction of the UKs FHM position and role in the mens lifestyle magazine market, from its inception from For Him Magazine through its incredible development to its contemporary brand expansions. It also discusses FHMs influence on the mens magazine market as well as on broader industry concerns related to the young male market, particularly advertising. Essentially, this chapter offers a rationale for why FHM is an important site for investigation. Chapter 1 The mens magazine market is a moderately new phenomenon. Mens magazines today have become sites of significant inquiry that offer alternative views on the representation of the modern man. Men have purchased and read magazines in the past, though previously, the term mens magazine referred to publications structured around masculine themes to designed to interest men, such as cars, fishing, DIY and pornography. However, as sociologist Tim Edwards (1997) notes, It is, to put it simply, that they werent called mens magazines and this is what constitutes the key difference: the self-conscious targeting of men as consumers of magazines designed to interest men if not necessarily to be about men (p.72, emphasis in the original). Since contemporary mens magazines are embedded in the rise of a new lifestyle genre, they are considered mens lifestyle titles as opposed to simply mens interest magazines (Edwards, 2006).1 The growth of the mens magazine market in the UK, which saw an invasion of lifestyle titles in the 1980s, commencing with the launch of Arena in 1986. The Focus The aim of this study is to investigate and analyse the different representations of masculinity in the modern day 21st century. The endeavour of this is to answer the research question, which is; has the definition of masculinity and or the portrayal of men changed over time, in particular in print advertisements in mens lifestyle magazine FHM (For Him Magazine). Although this may sound like a popular research case study, very little academic research has been performed in the field of mens magazines and even less on the construction and representation of masculinity. This study therefore aims to firstly, classify the term masculinity, to conclude a definition, of what is means to be a men?, which is often used to ascribed to males in todays society. This study will also explore sex roles and common stereotypes that men are regularly being labelled with. This study will further examine if the characteristic that what once associated with traditional masculinity is dying out, or if t here is more than one masculine identity. Thirdly, this study will examine the presentation of male images and products in advertising exploring the emerging trends of mens images where the predominately female female-orientated markets of body enhancements, cosmetics, and personal grooming products are being aimed at male consumers. Through a context analysis, this study addresses male images in advertisements in For Him Magazine (FHM) from 2005 to 2010. Examining the changing trends in the portrayal of men and the types of products advertised in mens magazines. Furthermore, this study will argue, that masculinity makes more sense in relation to individual performances of identity than it does in terms of any measurement of gender or sexuality, a notion which is often disregarded in both popular and academic discourses about gender identity. Chapter 1: Introduction Over the last few decades the role of men in British society has changed considerably. Traditional notions of masculine images, such as males being the sole breadwinner or provider has come under attack, undermining traditional images of the masculine identity. Males have also faced a changing Image in advertising. Traditionally, females were the ones that have been associated with sex in advertising, but today males are also being used to connote or imply sexual situations in advertisements. Modern day advertisements feature provocative images of men and women in reveal outfits and postures selling a variety of products, most of which have no association with sex. There has too been an increase in product advertisements in mens magazine, most popular out of these is beauty and accessions. Suggesting that men today, have developed a conscious self-awareness of the way they look. Men in are taking great pride in their appearance, replacing beer or health supplements and abs tonners. M en now have a keen eye for fashion, and indulge in grooming/beauty products- this identity has today been coined as metrosexual. Adapting the characteristics of men, this new man has blurred the distinction of masculinity. Traditional masculinity referred to heterosexual men, interesting in extreme sports, cars and DIY. This request the question is the term masculinity (means to be macho) changing? Or is there more then one masculine identity? Metrosexuality was first developed by Mark Simpson in his book Male Impersonators. According to Simpson (2003), metrosexuality is a new, narcissistic, self-conscious kind of masculinity produced by film, advertising, and glossy magazines to replace traditional repressed, unmoisturised, unreflexive, unmediated masculinity. However, this term has become widely used in the United States media and in the advertising industry in the late 1990s, referring to straight men who posses feminine traits and care about fashion, grooming, cleaning and using beauty products (Mereditch and Wells; 2003). However, very little academic research exists on the meaning of metrosexuality for masculinity. This study examines modern masculinity and metrosexuality of men in the 21st century mens lifestyle magazines, within the UK, drawing particular attention FHM. However, there are limited studies on masculinity and mens images (Windholz, 1999/2000; gates 2001; Tincknell and Chambers, 2002). Although media across the globe are widely discussing the newly emerged phenomenon- metrosexuality- there is almost no academic research on this phenomenon. Since metrosexuality and masculinity are so closely related to each other, this study aims to explore both issues within mens lifestyle magazines. Chapter 2: Definitions of Masculinity Whilst, we have identified the main attributes that can be grouped under the term traditional masculinity, we still do not have an recognized definition of what masculinity itself might be. Craig contests that masculinity is what a culture expects of its men (1992:3). This description suggests that masculinity exists only in a cultural context, as something that stems from traditions, codes and in particular expectations commonly held by society. Similarly, Mosses definition of masculinity as the way men assert what they believe to be their manhood (1996:3) insinuates that masculinity is widely understood as a way of behaving in accordance with ones sex-defined characteristics, either as a manifestation of ones sexual identity, or by the way of a responsibility towards the general order provided by understanding of gender. Gilmore (1990; 1) defines manhood as the approved way of being an adult as the approved way of being an adult male in any given society. Within the cultures, where value is attracted to a notion of manhood, Gilmore further claims that there is three particular criterias that are repeatedly associated with the masculine role, firstly, to impregnate women and secondly, to protect dependents from danger (1990; 223). Berger, Wallis and Watson (1995) states that masculinity, the asymmetrical pendant to more critically investigated femininity, is a vexed term, variously inflected, multiply defined, not limited to straightforward descriptions of maleness. Masculinity takes a variety of forms for men and it differs according to sexuality, race, class and age. It is noticed the society and media hold very distinct stereotypes towards different ethnic and race groups. For Caucasians, the most common dominate ideology of masculinity represents ideals of strength, toughness, coolness, attractiveness, heterosexuality and whiteness (OShaughnessy 2003). However, these ideals are very difficult for men to attain in reality. With the increased attention given to mens bodies and the resurgence of their imagery with the media, men nowadays pay more attention to the media and work to improve their physical appearance (Wienke, 1998; Shilling, 1993). These effects are further pushed forward with the new ideal met rosexual, which simply suggests that men who possess feminine traits are ideal. As men are now facing so many identities, so what makes a man? A closer investigation is presented next. Chapter 3: Gender and Masculinity In general, the characteristics associated with men are grouped under the term traditional masculinity by many writers. Three of its main character traits are strength, command and ambition- all useful in getting ahead, and more often than not viewed in a positive light. Even the less positive attributes associated with traditional masculinity such as competitiveness, aggression and stubbornness maintain an air of respectability in that they remain symptomatic of power and control rather than weakness. Theorists in the field of gender studies have sought to understand how these masculine traits came to be associated with the male role first and foremost, and why they continue to permeate society and popular discourse as common sense notions of gender roles. Consequently, gender as a concept is open to much greater debate than sex, and it is clear that masculinity, as one aspect of gender identity, can take on an entire range of potential meanings. Mort observes that we are not dealing with masculinity, but with a series of masculinities (1988; 195; his emphasis). As well as recognizing that class, race and sexual orientation, and several other factors all enter the equation at the level of identity, the term masculinities refers to the fact that no two peoples performance of so-called masculine characteristics will ever be exactly the same. As Horrocks states, there is clearly not a homogenous monolithic identity possessed by all men in all contexts (1994:3). Byne suggests that, as human beings, we are motivated to create an identity for ourselves that allows us to make sense of our position in the apparent world. In order to be understandable, this must accord with the already existing conventions, as we perceive them; no matter how we seek to position ourselves in relation to these, we still accept that they exist. Conversely, men must strive to meet an extremely demanding stereotype of the male role as provider, achiever and conqueror- a task that is, in its self unattainable, and which causes men much self-doubt and anguish. This, Kaufman conclude, also inspires fear for it means not being a man, which means, in a society confusing gender and sex, not being a maleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦losing power and ungluing basic building blocks of our personalities (p.149) Together, these two behaviours are more destructive than either on its own, combining to both cause the problem and make it impossible to escape from. Chapter 4: Masculinity in the United Kingdom British Men According to Benynon (2002), there are three ideal versions of contemporary masculinities in the United Kingdom. The old man is relatively uninterested in fashion, is married and holding down a regular job, and remains somewhat sexist and homophobic in outlook. The new man is narcissistic, progressive and ambivalent in his sexuality, yuppie- influenced and generally anti-sexist. When he first emerged he was viewed variously as the same as the same old wolf, but in designer clothing, a revolutionary in his relations with women and his willingness to display the emotional side of his nature, and a marketing opportunity, for new visual codes. The new lad is defensive about fashion, ambivalent in his attitude towards women (he has pornographic notions of them rather than relationship with them) and he believes life should be one huge alcoholic and drug induced festival. (Beynon, 2002, p.118) Among the above three ideals, the new man seems to be the most popular ideal in the United Kingdom. These ideals can be illustrated by the most influential British celebrity football player, David Beckham. David Beckham defines a new trend of men in the United Kingdom. In a recent study reported in The Observer (Campbell 2003), One David Beckham: Celebrity, and the Soccerati, co-authored by Andrew Parker of Warwick University and Ellis Cashmore of Staffordshire University, highlights how Beckham successfully combines a mixture of traditional and modern values to create an inspirational healthy role model. The study praises Beckhams different public personae including the national ambassador, aggressive competitor, loving husband, doting father, fashion model and gay icon. This study further concludes that Beckhams massive popularity could influence young males, encourage greater tolerance and acceptance of a new concept of masculinity. As suggested by the author of the study, Beckham has helped create a complex new concept of masculinity by defying expectations in areas such as what clothes men should wear or how men should style their hair. Indeed, Beckham fits all of the contemporary masculinity ideals he is a combination of new man (nurturer and compassionate partner), new lad (football legend, fashionable father, conspicuous consumer) and old man'(loyal dedicated, bread- winning) (Cambell, 2003). Chapter 5: Gender Representation in Advertising Research has revealed that advertising does not exist in a vacuum but instead is very much interrelated with the existing social relationships within society (Duffy, 1994). Goldman (1992) suggested that we tend to take for granted the deep social assumptions embedded within advertisements as we are so used to the quantity of advertisements around us and the routine ways in which we read them. More importantly, we do not see or recognise advertising as a sphere of ideology. In a consumer society, advertising acts as a magnet, luring individuals into embracing a consumption culture that is part of an economic and social institution that helps to perpetuate what Goldman called the supremacy of commodity relations. Interactions between individuals are now greatly being defined by the material possession of commodities. The consumer society is primarily about contentment and pleasure, but there are broad complications beyond the realm of Contentment and pleasure. One of the most important implications is the area of gender identity. Sex-role stereotype, like any other stereotype, allows us to make sense of the world that we live in. Gender, of course, is one of the most important forms of systematised behaviour in all societies, and every culture has accepted routine forms for communicating gender identity (Leiss, Kline Jhally, 1990, p. 215). Our everyday environment is articulated mostly by what we see in the media and the task of advertising is crucial. The target audiences self-identification with the gender images is a basic requirement for an advertisements effectiveness, and the meanings encoded in the images are persuasive cultural symbols for societal behaviour. The earliest research into the portrayal of men in sex roles in advertisements was carried out in the 1970s by many researchers an d drew many conclusions: men were portrayed as more self-governing than women. They were portrayed in different occupations in comparison to women who were usually shown as housewives, cleaning, cooking and caring for children. Specific products such as Alcohol and cigarettes were most frequently portrayed by men, while women were mostly depicted in advertisements for household products (Dominick Rauch, 1972; Schneider Schneider, 1979; McArthur Resko, 1975; Courtney Whipple, 1974). According to Fejes (1992), the results from these researchers carried out in the early 1970s, did not fluctuate much from those conducted in the late 70s and early 80s. In the last few decades, the role of men in the UK has changed considerably there has been an increasing visibility of the male body in the media and popular culture. Men are getting increased exposure not just of their bodies, but of their lifestyles, consumption preferences and emotional needs. Men are gradually gaining on women in the display of their bodies on billboards, fashion photography and magazines. Moreover, it is not just the number of images of men that has increased; it is the emergence of a new representation in popular culture where male bodies are depicted in an idealized and erotized manner (Moore 1988; Simpson, 1994). Furthermore, in the consumer markets around the world-the predominantly female-oriented market like cosmetics, personal grooming and even body enhancements are attracting seeing more male consumers. Through a content analysis of advertisements over six years in a magazine for men, this paper studies the trends in the representation of images, product s and sexual portrayal of men. Chapter 6: Men in Advertising Fejes (1992) noted that Skelly Lundstrom (1981) conducted a study on print advertisements analysing a total of 660 magazine ads from 1959, 1969 and 1979 to establish whether there was any change in the portrayal of men in print advertisements over the two decades. They found that there was a small and gradual movement towards more non-sexist portrayal of men. Fejes (1992) also noted that Lysonskis study (1985) showed similar results. Kervin (1990) too carried out a research study on the ads, focussing particularly on Esquire magazine. He examined whether the representation of men and the definition of masculinity had changed or remained over time. The study closely examined at ads from Esquire magazine for 50 years from the 1930s to the 1980s, and discovered that specific stereotypical representations of masculinity still remained after 50 years. What is fascinating, though, is her suggestion that these stereotypes exist because they complete certain needs and concerns of the men in society relating to their sense of powerlessness as individuals. She suggested that these stereotypes may be there to offer some form of compensation, in the form of admiration from others and possession of products for the men to define themselves adequately in society. She also discovered other new constructions of masculinity emerging over the years. The form of the male body is beginning to be portrayed as an erotic spectacle, suggesting that advertisers are adjusting to the changing attitude of consumers and exploiting it. Marian Salzman, Director of Strategic Content, JWT Worldwide, in her new book, The Future of Men (2003), interestingly, notices an important gap of the young male demographic that marketers and advertisers often fail to notice. Salzman, who conversed about the rise of the metrosexuals in 2003, deems the days of the metrosexual are numbered as men want their manliness back, and they are tired of taking their behavioural and fashion cues from their female companions and from mens magazines. But this may not be true, as Kelton Research discovered in his research which was performed on 600 men, found that men can now be classified into men who value their personal style and appearance without sacrificing their masculinity, and ubersexual men who care about their appearance from head to toe. Moreover, men may try to act laid-back when it comes to personal maintenance, but the reality is, nearly two out of three surveyed not only own a variety of grooming products, but use them again and again. More importantly, about 98% of these products- men have no qualms about strolling into a store to buy a grooming related product (Wellikoff, 2006). Chapter 7: The Macho The Metrosexual Lee (2003) noted that men of all sexualities are taking a wider interest in their appearance. Hairdresser is where they go for a haircut instead of the barber shop and they are turning to other form of cleanser as soap is too harsh on their skin. More men are going to the gym instead of engaging in outdoor activities such as sports and some of them are even indecisive when it comes to choosing something to wear. These men are called the metrosexual and David Beckham who has been credited as the man who is changing male behaviour is classified as the ultimate metrosexual. A few years ago, concern over weight and diet regimes was strictly womens issue and having a pot belly was accepted for a man. But now, it is completely acceptable for men to watch their weight too and follow diet plans. This new breed of man blurs gender lines. In the Future Man'(Salzman, 2003) concludes that British men are becoming metrosexuals who have embraced customs and attitudes once deemed by women. Salzman further connotes that men today are confident in their masculinity and in their sense of self. In addition, they look and feel good and are knowledgeable about fashion and accessories regardless of what people might consider these things unmanly. This new breed of man does oppose the traditional male role. ABC news reported that Leo Burnett, a Chicago advertising firm, conducted a global study of masculinity in 2005 and half of the men in their sample say that their role in society is unclear than in previous decades. More than seventy percent of them said that advertising is out of touch with mens reality. Reports seem to indicate there is a new form of manliness emerging that is both macho and sexual at the same time. Stephen Perrine, editor in chief of Best Life magazine in the United States, mentioned on ABC news, The new manliness is about being competent and of value. Its less of men looking into their own navels. He also listed actors like Huge Jackman and Brad Pitt as the role models for this new manliness (ABC news, 2006). Research Questions Advertising is an incorporated part of any economy in the world. And where there is rapid growth and changes in the economic profile of a society, there is a parallel increase in consumption patterns. This study aims to examine the portrayal of men in advertising as the emerging trends indicate that the predominantly female-oriented markets like cosmetics, body enhancements and personal grooming, are being directed at more male consumers. By studying the changes taking place in the portrayal of gender roles in advertising, it would allow us to get an insight into the changes that are taking place in society at given times and trends over periods of time. RQ1: What are the changes in the images (as per the categories) of men in FHM Magazine from 1998 to 2005? RQ2: What is the classified level of dressing (as per the categories) of the male models in FHM magazines used for the various categories of pictures? RQ3: What are the differences in the race of male models in FHM magazines in the categories of photographs/illustrations? RQ4: What are the differences in the types of products advertised in FHM magazines from 2000 to 2010? RQ5: What is the classified level of dressing (as per the categories) of the male models for the various categories of products? RQ6: Has the portrayal of men in Print advertisements changed in any way over the last six years? Methodology For the purpose of this study a content analysis was chosen and deemed appropriate as it will provide an overview on the coverage and frequency of use of male models in the advertisements selected. This quantitative research method is also useful for evaluating empirically the changing trends in society, while allowing us to summarize results and report findings in accurate, quantitative manner. The unit of analysis enables replication of the study over periods of time, thus providing an opportunity for comparison and review. Sampling Selection and Sample Size Six years (72 issues) of FHM magazine, from the United Kingdom were selected for this study. These magazines were published over a six year period from 2005 through to 2010. Through a systematic random sampling method of these 72 issues, one was selected from each year making it a total of 6 issues in the sample size. The unit of analysis is all full and half page advertisements or posters that have male or female models. Those advertisements without any models were excluded from the categorization. Categorization System The advertisements and posters from each year were systematically coded by placing them in pre-defined categories. Category of dressing Description Demure dress Everyday, casual clothing, including walking shorts and sports outfits. Suggestive dress Excluding evening gowns, which expose cleavage. Mini skirts, short shorts, muscle shirts, hiked skirts that expose thighs Partially clad Models in bathing suits, wearing undergarments and three-quarter length or shorter lingerie. close- up shots of models bare shoulders. Models in nothing except a towel. Nudity Unclothed Models, including; translucent lingerie/ undergarments and silhouettes. Extent of Contact Description No contact Positioned side by side. Not touching. Tame contact Holding hands. Hands on shoulders or around waist. Intimate contact Kissing. Very intimate contact Depiction and suggestion of sexual behaviour. Category of Race Description Caucasian of European or North American Origin Others Races that does not fit into the above category or race can not be established. Category of product Description Clothing All cosmetics, skin care, hair care, oral care products. Beauty Clothing manufactures, department stores and fashion houses Transport All cars, motorcycles and airlines. Technology-related All electrical products, cameras, phones and websites. Food-and food related All food and equipment, drinks, health- supplements, cooking oils, cutleries and utensils. Accessory All watches, sunglasses, jewellery, footwear and bags. Tourism- related All holiday packages and hotels. Other All products that do not fit in the above categories. Category of Content Description Family man Fatherly role depicted with wife and Children. Can be seen wearing a Wedding band. Working man Depicting an occupational role, e.g. at work. Mans man/ Engaging in conservative mens Classic man activities. Drinking beer, smoking, football etc. Can be portrayed as overcoming physical challenges e.g. mountain climbing. Carefree man Portrayed with unbridled laughter and enjoying the moment with a woman or a group of friends. The gentleman Alone or in the company with just one woman. Playboy Depicted in the company with one or more women. Women are shown to be objects of desire.

Free College Essays - Optimism in The Stranger by Albert Camus :: The Stranger The Outsider

Optimism in Camus' The Stranger (The Outsider) The novel The Stranger by Albert Camus can be viewed from several different perspectives. Some people see this book as a "slap to the face" or an insult. Others, however, find the views expressed in this novel to be comforting and optimistic. Just as there are many different people in the world, there are many different interpretations and opinions surrounding this novel. I have found The Stranger to be a novel that is uplifting and reassuring and, therefore, wonderful . This novel is important, not because I subscribe to the views expressed in it, and not because many people do not, but — in my opinion — simply because every person should be exposed to the existentialist idea of living. Most people do not realize that their religion and, thus, many of their beliefs have been laid out for them by circumstance. They were born to Christian or Jewish or Buddhist parents and that is what they became. Simple. Far too simple for my liking. I often wonder how people can accept what they have not been able to discover for themselves. Religion has all the answers for people. If you are sad, look on the pages that deal with sadness. You will feel better. I would not feel better. I would feel like a mindless person, a slave to a way of perceiving life that I had no part in creating. I feel at home with the existentialists as they ask: â€Å"Why?". My question is, why must people refuse to come to their own conclusions? Why is it taboo to not embrace a "God" but embrace your mind instead? Why can we all not realize that we are alone, that we must find meaning in our lives because we are alive, not because someone or something wants us to live a certain way? As Camus puts it: â€Å"I opened myself to the gentle indifference of the world." Some people would find themselves naked in the kind of atmosphere that Camus writes about: a life where there is no set guideline and moreover, no reward for following a set guideline. Those are the people who need God in order to get out of bed each morning. Those are the people who might like to burn Camus' The Stranger. I can fully understand why people would hate this book if they were honest, God-fearing men and women.

The Development of Marriage :: Expository Essays Research Papers

The Development of Marriage Marriage has gone through many changes throughout its history. It's earliest forms date back to the story of creation. It has developed a great deal since then. It is a simple fact that men and women can not survive without each other. Marriage is part of the created natural order, we were meant to be together. God intended for us to be united with the opposite sex since the beginning of time. The book of Genesis tells us: "God created man in his image, He created him in the image of God, man and woman, He created them. God saw what he had done and said, "This is good, it is not good that man should be alone."(McLachlan 5). Marriage is inherently good and pleasing to God. It was part of God's original plan for mankind. It is also shown that Jesus held marriage in great esteem, for it was at a wedding where he performed his first public miracle. Furthermore, it is Jesus who raises Marriage to a Sacrament of the New Law. Our Lord is also the one who told us that divorce was wrong. He says, "What God has joined together, no human being must separate."(Matrimony 1). Although what we were told by God, in many primitive civilizations marriage was primarily industrial. During early times husband and wife were not much together; they did not even eat together very often.(The Marriage Institution 1). Their marriages were always planned by their parents and in some cases brides were bought. Polygamy was also frequent in the early history of marriage. Although, as civilization progressed monogamy became the idealistic goal of human sex evolution.(The Marriage Institution 6). In addition, as civilization advanced, marriage became more seriously regarded and the wedding ceremony became recurrent. The marriage ceremony grew out of the fact that marriage was originally a community affair and also primitive man had no records, so the marriage had to be witnessed by many people. The Catholic marriage is set apart from all other relationships because Catholic marriages are a sacramental path to sanctity. Paul wrote that marriage is a true sacrament and the sign of the conjugal union of Christ and his Bride, the Church.(Matrimony 2). At Lateran Council II in 1139, it was first defined as infallibly true that matrimony is as true a sacrament as Eucharist and baptism and at The Council of Lyons II in 1274, it was included among the list of seven sacraments.

Possible Outcomes of Overpopulation

Possible Overpopulation Solutions The human population growth of the last century is tremendous. It required only forty years after 1950 for the population to double from 2. 5 billion to 5 billion. The factors affecting global human population are very simple. Theyre fertility, mortality, initial population and time. India, China and USA are the top countries that are currently in crisis because of overpopulation. Many of our basic resources are strained such as, food; one out of every seven people alive, go to bed hungry. 5,000 people die of malnutrition and hunger-related diseases. In many regions children's asthma has risen dramatically because of the air quality (www. howmany. org). Since this is happening, a result might be that there wouldn't be enough food, water, or shelter and therefore these numbers will increase. Scientists say solutions to this situation would be to plan out how many kids you want and use birth control.Some scientists think that the Government should adop t the slogan â€Å"Patriotic citizens stop at two children† and adjust tax and other policies (wmwnbcnews. com). Coaching Questions 1 . It's really feasible to control how many children a person has. In order to maintain urrent population, 1 kid per person is required. 2. We obtain energy from natural resources, fossil fuels, and nonrenewable energy. We would need more energy. Sometimes burning resources such as coal causes pollution. 3.Disease that spread fast in crowded conditions is: food poisoning, typhoid fever, tetanus and polio. These diseases can be treated and prevented with proper methods. 4. 14,475 deaths per day; in India the let vultures eat the dead; it's not practical to use land because of the growing population. Yes, building houses. 5. We need to conserve land and soil because we need somewhere to build houses and farms. . When land becomes a desert, this would be a problem because nothing grows in the desert. 7.Some residents get theirs from wells, some fro m city water in the ground 8. No, you cant add or lose water. 9. We would need a bigger hospital and a lot more schools; we would Just need to expand almost everything to adjust properly. 10. Yes , people will fight for what they need. Immigration would increase; people would move to places with the most resources. 1 1 . There would be less demand for animals which would give us more land 12. China, India and the USA. Possible Outcomes of Overpopulation By kiara_shonte

A Beautiful Mind Speech Rhetoric

*â€Å"A Beautiful Mind†:* A Rhetoric Speech Analysis John Nash delivered his acceptance address after receiving the 1994 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences. In his speech, he aims to inform his audience after his lifetime of pursuits, what he concluded are logic and reason. John Nash began his speech with a personal belief that is common with most scientists saying â€Å"I’ve always believed in numbers and the equations and logics that lead to reason. † By doing so, he establishes common ground with his audience in which they can relate to. Here he captured their attention by saying â€Å"I’ve always†, by using past tense, it implied that what he has found is contrary to that. In his next statement â€Å"But after a lifetime of such pursuits, I ask,† it proves what was disguised in his opening statement, but that only recently he has found his answer. â€Å"What truly is logic? † and â€Å"Who decides reason? † by stating these two questions that have led him to think otherwise, opposite to his original belief, it directs the audience to ponder about what he has found that is opposite to what is commonly believed in logics and reason. The use of â€Å"quest† in his next statement, emphasis a great deal of work and hardship for the conclusion he is about to make. It gives credibility to what he is about to say. â€Å"My quest has taken me through the physical, the metaphysical and the delusional†¦ and back† He further emphasis this work and hardship by the stating not one but three of what can be called three properties of the world or to be exact reality. He used parallelism by the use of the word â€Å"the†, this was important for the audience since it was necessary (as he is speaking to scientist) to show that the three properties were of equal importance. Also the employment of â€Å"Back† in his sentence calls magnitude to his credibility. It establishes ethos. Subsequently, John Nash concludes what he has found. Parallelism was utilized by the usage of â€Å"Most† to give meaning and weight to what he has concluded in his pursuits and that it had uttermost significance to his career and to his life. My† was used to establish that his discovery had equal impact on his career and life. The result of his quest is stated as â€Å"It is only in the mysterious equation of love that any logic or reason can be found† gives prominence that without love nothing can be done. That love is necessary for any logic and reason to be concluded. And here John Nash allows the audience to draw their own conclusion o f what love allows us to do. He appeals to pathos of every individual’s understanding of love. Since it is necessary in an acceptance address to thank a person and furthermore as evidence to his discovery, he thanks his wife without the direct use of wife, but with the repetition of the word â€Å"You† it raises speculation on whom is â€Å"You† maintaining the audience’s attention. â€Å"You† also in his concluding remarks and in conjunction to his earlier statements establishes that indeed without his â€Å"You†, he wouldn’t have a career or a life; she is indeed all his reasons.

Entrepreneurship - Creative Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Entrepreneurship - Creative Journal - Essay Example In business, most managers believe that this is the most significant mark of a successful entrepreneur (Mazzarol, 2007). Achievement can also be enhanced by giving rewards, salary increment, bonuses and rises to most successful employees. Employers also play significant roles in developing employees’ skills and talents. They can collude with learning institutions to support and supervise research done by their employees, or through transversal skill development (Mazzarol, 2007). Human resource managers also need to provide clear hiring and exit procedures, but more notable is to retain current employees through a set of institutional benefits like competitive wage, support for international mobility, and supplementary pension schemes (Mazzarol, 2007). Locus of control describes the extent to which a person believes that the outcome results are influenced by their own behaviors, or from their external surrounding. Managers, therefore, need to create an environment that motivate s its employees to work hard towards achieving the organization’s goals (Mazzarol, 2007). Locus of control is usually low when change strategies are being implemented within the organization. In order to solve this problem, managers have to create an effective means of communication that informs the employees on the strategies and processes required for the implementation of that change. As the work environment changes, I realized that I can either contribute to the success or failure of a business. My attitude towards the impacts of external influences on the quality of work and the success of the business is the key factor that influences my contributions to the success of the business. Positive external influences enhance my efficiency and productivity within a short period, as compared to negative external influences that still require consultations and decision making process in order to be resolved. This process involves much time, and this slows down employees’ morale towards achieving the organizational goals and objectives (Mazzarol, 2007). Second Journal Entry Set Small and large firms play ever-increasing roles in innovation. Innovation is mainly driven by market dynamics and technology. Currently, recommendable advancements have been made in several areas that include multimedia, computers and electronic devices. Of all the innovations that have been done, internet is one of the innovations that have significantly influenced my daily life. The internet has changed the way I learn, shop, communicate and conduct my business. In the modern world, internet is the most famous and effective means of spreading information, fact or fiction (Mazzarol, 2007). In the past centuries, people were once limited to news of the local television channels and newspapers. However, anybody can currently search the globe, international markets, foreign products, different cultures, international jobs and so on. Through the internet, it is much easier and c heaper to communicate with friends and relatives more than telephones and letters. The internet has given me an opportunity to meet several friends both locally and internationally. It is possible to directly communicate to distance friends face-to-face, or through chatting. In other words, internet has limited both geographical and political boundaries that earlier

Ethnic Conflict and Multiculturalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Ethnic Conflict and Multiculturalism - Essay Example This essay stresses that admittedly, there are enough instances in history that substantiate Huntington’s theory. But as many instances, if not more, can be presented that contradict the thesis. For example, there is undue stress on the apparent incompatibility of Islamic and Western civilizations and the resultant conflict between the two entities. But a brief look at twentieth century political history would suggest several instances where these two seemingly incompatible entities do successfully cooperate. In other words, the seemingly strong ethno-nationalistic bond within the Islam dominated countries of the Middle East would overwhelm opportunistic commercial alliances between the two ethno-national groups. This paper makes a conclusion that in the prevailing world order, the fight for supremacy in the realms of ideology, material wealth and territorial conquest have superseded conflicts on the basis of differing ethnicity and its attendant attributes such as religion, culture, language, etc. Of all the constituent elements that comprise a particular nationalism, its identification with religion, ethnicity and culture form the core. A nation’s affiliation with these elements is constantly being challenged by forces of change in the economic and ideological domains. In this scenario, justifications for aggression in the name of nationalism seldom holds true. Claims such as ‘aggression is defence’ are not only irrational, but also devoid of merit.